America Abroad The 1890’s brought a significant change in U.S. foreign policy as this nation began to realize its role as a world power.

I. Reasons for this New “Outward- Looking” Foreign Policy The American “frontier” moves out into the Pacific Economic motivations -- “Open Door” Notes Christian mission impulse and the “White Man’s Burden” --Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904 Global Social Darwinism

I. Reasons for New Foreign Policy (cont.) Emerging sense that U.S. was a world power --Henry Cabot Lodge Being a “world power” meant having an empire Need of coaling stations for a large navy --Alfred T. Mahan’s Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890)

II. Alaska, Samoa and Hawaii William Seward’s purchase of Alaska (1867) U.S. naval base at Pago Pago, Samoa (1878) History of U.S. influence in Hawaii --Naval Base at Pearl Harbor (1887) --Queen Liliuokalani

III. A Preoccupation with Cuba History of American fascination with Cuba American fears related to a Cuban rebellion Spanish crackdown in Cuba -- “reconcentrado” “Yellow Journalism” --William Randolph Hearst vs. Joseph Pulitzer

IV. The Role of Chance and Accident Congress endorsed Cuban independence (April, 1896) Spanish begin to treat Cuba more cautiously DeLome letter (February 9, 1898) Explosion of the USS Maine (February 15, 1898)

IV. The Role of Chance and Accident (cont.) McKinley’s reluctance to call for war Spanish offer a virtual surrender Congressional resolution on Cuban Independence --Teller Amendment Declaration of War

V. “A Splendid Little War” Short, few casualties, and an easy victory over a weak opponent Admiral Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet in the Philippines US army occupies the Philippines (August, 1898) US invasion of Cuba --The “Rough Riders” Results of the War

VI. The Question of the Empire Accidental nature of empire-building Argument for the occupation of the Philippines Anti-imperialist sentiment in the U.S. Close vote on the treaty in the Senate

VII. Post-War Problems with the Philippines Expectation of the Filipino leaders U.S.-Filipino fighting for another 3 years Taft as Military Governor of the Islands U.S. influence on post-war Philippines Full Independence for the Philippines (1946)

VIII. What to do with Cuba? Occupation of Cuba after the War Walter Reed’s work against Yellow Fever in Cuba New Cuban constitution --Platt Amendment (1901) Later interventions into Cuba --FDR’s “Good Neighbor Policy” (1933)

IX. The Foreign Policy of Theodore Roosevelt More of a peacemaker than his rhetoric would indicate Nobel Peace Prize (1906) Tensions between U.S. and Japan Taft-Katsura agreement (1905) “Great White Fleet” ( )

X. Acquisition of the Panama Canal Historical significance of the Isthmus of Panama Negotiation with Colombia and the “New Panama Canal Company” Engineering a revolution in Panama Created tension with Latin American nations Canal = huge national security value

XI. Early Latin American Policy The tradition of “Gunboat Diplomacy” The “Roosevelt Corollary” to the Monroe Doctrine (1904) US intervention in the Dominican Republic (1905) Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” --example: intervention into Nicaragua (1912) Wilson’s lack of experience in foreign affairs William Jennings Bryan’s “grape juice diplomacy”

XI. Early Latin American Policy (cont.) Wilson’s moralistic protest of foreign interventions Continued to intervene anyway Wilson’s refusal to recognize the Mexican government led by Huerta Pershing chases Pancho Villa ( )