WHAT IS

ARTICLES AANTHE

Articles used with items in a series Rule 1 Rule 1 Use an article in a series ONLY with the first item! Use an article in a series ONLY with the first item! EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: I feed THE dog, cat, and rabbit I feed THE dog, cat, and rabbit Rule 2 Rule 2 Use an article in a series with ALL the items! Use an article in a series with ALL the items! EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: I feed THE dog, I feed THE dog, THE cat, THE cat, and THE rabbit and THE rabbit

1.) I talked to a doctor, a salesman, and to a crane operator I talked to a doctor, to a doctor, to a salesman, to a salesman, and to a crane operator and to a crane operator I talked to a doctor, to a doctor, a salesman, a salesman, and a crane operator and a crane operator

3.) I bought the towel, sheet, and the bed spread I bought the towel, the towel, the sheet, the sheet, and the bed spread and the bed spread I bought the towel, the towel, sheet, sheet, and bed spread and bed spread

8.) Jose hooked a walleye, perch, and a trout Jose hooked A walleye, A walleye, perch, perch, and trout and trout hooked hooked A walleye, A walleye, A perch, A perch, and A trout and A trout

16.) Rosa skipped the lecture because she didn’t have the time, the energy and wasn’t interested Rosa skipped the lecture because she didn’t have Rosa skipped the lecture because she didn’t have the time, the time, the energy, the energy, nor the interest nor the interest Rosa skipped the lecture because she didn’t have Rosa skipped the lecture because she didn’t have the time, the time, energy, energy, nor interest nor interest

PROBLEMS OFTEN OCCUR WHEN… PROBLEMS OFTEN OCCUR WHEN…

Problems often occur when… We mix different types of phrases like We mix different types of phrases like Mixing to phrases with ing phrases, for instance ! FOR EXAMPLE: I like swimming in the pond, cycling down the lane, and to ride horses in the pasture

TRY one of these methods to fix the parallel problem instead… I like swimming in the pond, I like swimming in the pond, cycling down the lane, cycling down the lane, and riding horses in the pasture and riding horses in the pasture I like to swim in the pond, I like to swim in the pond, to cycle down the lane, to cycle down the lane, and to ride horses in the pasture and to ride horses in the pasture

9.) Nathan enjoys swimming, cycling, and to ride horses Nathan enjoys swimming, swimming, cycling, cycling, and riding horses. and riding horses. Nathan likes to swim, to swim, to cycle, to cycle, and to ride horses. and to ride horses.

2.) Flora like to go to the play- ground to jump rope, to swing and sliding Flora likes to go to the playground to jump rope, to jump rope, to swing, to swing, and to slide and to slide Flora likes jumping rope, jumping rope, swing, swing, and sliding and sliding

6.) Ed loves backpacking, camping, and especially to climb mountains. Ed loves backpacking, backpacking, camping, camping, and especially climbing mountains. and especially climbing mountains. Ed loves to backpack, to backpack, to camp, to camp, and especially to climb mountains. and especially to climb mountains.

10.) At Christmas we like to decorate the tree, making special cookies, and singing carols. At Christmas we like to decorate the tree, to decorate the tree, to make special cookies, to make special cookies, and to sing carols. and to sing carols. At Christmas we like decorating the tree, decorating the tree, making special cookies, making special cookies, and singing carols. and singing carols.

13.) This summer Tony plans to lie in the sun, swim in the pool, and generally avoiding work. This summer Tony plans on This summer Tony plans on lying in the sun, lying in the sun, swimming in the pool, swimming in the pool, and generally avoiding work. and generally avoiding work. This summer Tony plans This summer Tony plans to lie in the sun, to lie in the sun, to swim in the pool, to swim in the pool, and generally to avoid work. and generally to avoid work. This summer Tony This summer Tony lies in the sun, lies in the sun, swims in the pool, swims in the pool, and generally avoids work. and generally avoids work.

19.) The fountain was beautiful as the droplets spread out in the air and were made to sparkle by the sunlight. -Answer- -Answer- The fountain was beautiful as the droplets spread out in the air and sparkled by the sunlight.

20.) Carlos went to the party for the food, the entertainment, and to meet people who might become customers. Carlos went to the party for Carlos went to the party for the food, the food, the entertainment, the entertainment, and the people who might become customers. and the people who might become customers. Carlos went to the party Carlos went to the party to eat food, to eat food, to be entertained, to be entertained, and to meet people who might become customers. and to meet people who might become customers.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS Either…Or Either…Or Neither…Nor Neither…Nor Whether…Or Whether…Or Both…And Both…And Not (only)…But (also) Not (only)…But (also)

The rule for parallelism with CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS The grammatical units that follow each CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS must be alike The grammatical units that follow each CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS must be alike

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS Either…(noun) Or (noun) Either…(noun) Or (noun) Neither…(verb) Nor (verb) Neither…(verb) Nor (verb) Whether…(prep.) Or (preposition) Whether…(prep.) Or (preposition) Both… (adj.) And (adj.) Both… (adj.) And (adj.) Not (only)…But (also) Not (only)…But (also)

Problem sentences with correlative conjunctions Either I go to bed or get up early Either I go to bed or get up early In this instance an  Independent Clause is being mixed with a  Verb Phrase

Here are corrected sentences with such pairs… I either go to bed early I either go to bed early or get up late or get up late Either I go to bed early Either I go to bed early or I get up late or I get up late

4.) Having just arrived at the party, Thea both wanted to sunbathe and to swim In this instance a In this instance a  Participle Phrase is being mixed with an  Infinitive Phrase

Here are corrected sentences with such pairs… Having just arrived at the party, Thea both wanted to sunbathe and wanted to swim. Having just arrived at the party, Thea both wanted to sunbathe and wanted to swim. Having just arrived at the party, Thea wanted both to sunbathe and to swim. Having just arrived at the party, Thea wanted both to sunbathe and to swim.

5.) The coach can either complain to the official or he can keep quiet. In this instance a In this instance a  Verb Phrase is being mixed with an  Independent Clause/Simple Sentence

Here is the corrected parallel sentence with such pairs… 5.) The coach can either complain to the official or can keep quiet. In this instance a  Verb Phrase is being connected with another  Verb Phrase

12.) Not only the students but also those who teach them were upset by the new university policy. In this instance a In this instance a  Noun Phrase is being mixed with a  Dependent Clause

Here is the corrected parallel sentence with such pairs… 12.) Not only the students but also the teachers were upset by the new university policy. In this instance a  Noun Phrase is being connected with another  Noun Phrase

Here is the corrected parallel sentence with such pairs… 12.) Not only those who study but also those who teach were upset by the new university policy. In this instance a  Dependent Clause is being connected with another  Dependent Clause

18.) I’ll decide to go if it neither interferes with my other plans nor it comes too late in the day. In this instance a In this instance a  Verb Phrase is being mixed with a  Independent Clause

Here is the corrected parallel sentence with such pairs… 18.) I’ll decide to go if it neither interferes with my other plans nor comes too late in the day. In this instance a  Verb Phrase is being connected with another  Verb Phrase

What are coordinating conjunctions ( FAN BOYS) For For And And Nor Nor But But Or Or Yet Yet So So

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE before a conjunction and an INDEPENDENT CLAUSE after a conjunction-- a comma must appear before the conjunction ( Rule #2) I liked the parrot, so I bought it for my mother

Parallel constructions with coordinating conjunctions INDEPENDENT CLAUSES IN A SERIES Joe likes the Reds, so I bought him season tickets for his birthday.

Other parallel constructions with coordinating conjunctions WORDS IN A SERIES I saw John and Mary I saw John and Mary I saw John, Bill, and Mary I saw John, Bill, and Mary PHRASES IN A SERIES I see him going to work and coming home DEPENDENT CLAUSES IN A SERIES The phone rang when I reached the motel but before I unpacked my suitcase The phone rang when I reached the motel but before I unpacked my suitcase INDEPENDENT CLAUSES IN A SERIES I liked the parrot, so I bought it for my mother

Parallel constructions with coordinating conjunctions phrases in a series 14.) The director wanted to film scenes in the jungles of the Philippines and where the streets were crowded in Manila ANSWER The director wanted to film scenes in the jungles in of the Philippines and in the crowded streets of Manila The director wanted to film scenes in the jungles in of the Philippines and in the crowded streets of Manila-or- The director wanted to film scenes where there are jungles in the Philippines and where the streets were crowded in Manila.

DEPENDANT CLAUSES Relative pronouns WhoWhomWhichWhoseThat Subordinate conjunctions After, since, before, as soon as, until, when while, whenever, where, wherever, because, than, although, if, though, provided that, unless, in order that, so that, as, as much as, as long as, as if, even though, even if After, since, before, as soon as, until, when while, whenever, where, wherever, because, than, although, if, though, provided that, unless, in order that, so that, as, as much as, as long as, as if, even though, even if

DEPENDANT CLAUSES (RULE #3) If a sentence starts with one of these words than a Dependent or Subordinate Clause is starting a sentence and a comma will follow that introductory Dependent/Subordinate Clause. Relative pronouns WhoWhomWhichWhoseThat Subordinate conjunctions After, since, before, as soon as, until, when while, whenever, where, wherever, because, than, although, if, though, provided that, unless, in order that, so that, as, as much as, as long as, as if, even though, even if After, since, before, as soon as, until, when while, whenever, where, wherever, because, than, although, if, though, provided that, unless, in order that, so that, as, as much as, as long as, as if, even though, even if

Parallel constructions with coordinating conjunctions joining DEPENDENT/INDEPENDENT CLAUSES IN A SERIES 7.) The lifeguard knew that the waves were high and they were dangerous The lifeguard knew that the waves were high that the waves were high and that they were dangerous and that they were dangerous The lifeguard knew the waves were high, the waves were high, and the waves were dangerous and the waves were dangerous

Parallel constructions with coordinating conjunctions joining clauses in a series 15.) Before going out on stage and she heard the opening applause Gayle was very nervous. In this instance a  Dependent Clause is being connected with an  Independent Clause ANSWER Before going out on stage and after hearing the opening applause, Gayle was very nervous. Before going out on stage and after hearing the opening applause, Gayle was very nervous. In this instance a  Dependent Clause is being connected with another  Dependent Clause So now the sentence has been made parallel!

Parallel constructions with coordinating conjunctions joining clauses in a series 17.) I think about Grandmother’s farm when I drive in rush-hour or I read about crime in the streets. ANSWER I think about Grandmother’s farm when I drive in rush-hour or when I read about crime in the streets. I think about Grandmother’s farm when I drive in rush-hour or when I read about crime in the streets. In this instance a  Dependent Clause is being connected with another  Dependent Clause So now the sentence has been made parallel!