■Essential Question ■Essential Question: –What were the significant motivations for & results of America’s “new” foreign policy from 1890 to 1914? ■Reading Quiz Ch 29

Welcome back!!! ■Please get out paper and prepare for Cornell Notes: American Imperialism ■Essential Question:

America Looks Outward

Reasons for US Expansion ■Prior to 1890, US expansion was focused on settling the western frontier via Manifest Destiny ■Expansion by 1890s was different –The growth of the telegraph, telephone, & cables led to a sense of internationalism –Americans looked to gain more naval bases & markets in major trade routes New territories were viewed as colonies, not as future-states

Reasons for Expansion New markets ■Why the new focus? New markets –End of the frontier led to fears about economic opportunities –American industrialism made the US a major exporter –Businessmen feared nothing would be left when European imperialists finished annexing

World Colonial Empires, 1900

US Foreign Investments:

Reasons for Expansion Darwinism ■Why the new focus? Darwinism –Social Darwinism promoted white superiority –“White Man’s Burden” promoted the “western duty to civilize” the world through trade, democracy, & Christianity policy ■By the 1890s, the US was ready for its first real foreign “policy”

American Social Darwinism Superstition Oppression Ignorance Barbarism Vice Civilization Which nations is England “hauling up the hill”? What about the US?

The US as a World Power The US promoted trade with but avoided diplomatic conflicts with Europe The US used the Monroe Doctrine in Latin America but viewed the Caribbean as an “American Lake” & Latin America as a vast potential market for US goods The US coveted Hawaii & control of the sea lanes to China

Alaska The US as a World Power: Alaska Secretary of State William Seward, under Lincoln & Johnson, hoped to see the US annex Canada & Mexico “Give me…fifty, forty, thirty more years of life and I will give you possession of the American continent & control of the world” In 1867, Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million

Seward’s Icebox Seward’s Icebox: King Andy & Seward lug in a big block of Russian ice to cool down Congress

Latin America The US as a World Power: Latin America Sec of State William Blaine, under Garfield & Harrison, emphasized a “Good Neighbor Policy” & created bilateral treaties to secure US trade US businesses flooded Latin America with goods, bought raw materials, & undercut local businesses This policy depended on peace & order in Latin America; when a revolt erupted in Venezuela, the US successfully invoked the Monroe Doctrine to keep Europeans away

Hawaii The US as a World Power: Hawaii US missionaries & prospectors 1 st arrived in Hawaii in the 1820s; By the 1870s, Hawaii was dominated by sugar & fruit plantation owners who called for US annexation In 1888, US planters led an overthrow of King Kalakuau, new Queen Liliuokalani was disposed in 1891, & Hawaii became a republic in 1894 under Sanford Dole “The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe, and this is the golden hour for the United States to pluck it.” —John Foster, Sec of State under Harrison

Hawaii was annexed in 1898 under President McKinley Do you see any short- & long-term significance?

China The US as a World Power: China The US was eager to trade with China; but China was divided into European spheres of influence Sec of State Hay, under McKinley, suggested an "Open Door" in 1900: no nation would have an exclusive sphere of influence in China & the US would gain access to Chinese trade

Open Door Policy Peace Treaty with China

Japan The US as a World Power: Japan The US navy led by Commodore Matthew Perry “opened” Japan to US trade in 1854 & ended 200 years of Japanese isolationism But US-Japanese relations were rocky in the early 20 th Century Japan gained power in Asia after Russo-Japanese War in 1904 & gained control of Korea The Root-Takahira Agreement in 1908 agreed to protect Asian status quo, uphold the Open Door policy, & respect Chinese independence The US & Japan signed a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” in 1907: US rescinded segregation against Japanese living in CA & Japan limited emigration to the US