Imperialism The policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker countries

Roots of Imperialism 1.Economic Benefits –Not colonies (extractive economies) but future states! –US had a surplus of goods –Opened up new trade networks 2.Military Strategies –3 rd largest Navy in the world 3.Missionaries and Social Darwinism –Survival of the fittest –“God is training the anglo-saxon race for its mission to civilize weaker races.” –Manifest Destiny

“The White Man’s Burden”

America’s First Steps 1853: Japan Opens Trade with the US –Commodore Perry’s smoking dragons 1867: –Midway Islands –Seward’s Folly: Alaska purchased from Russia: $7.2 million

America’s First Steps 1875 and 1888 Treaties: Trade with Hawaii and permission to build Pearl Harbor 1889: 1 st Pan-American Conference –To promote economic cooperation with Latin American countries

U. S. Intersts in Hawaii Missionary: Establishing Churches and Schools Imiola Church –1820s Economic Sugar Cane Plantations Missionary: Establishing Churches and Schools Imiola Church –1820s Economic Sugar Cane Plantations

U. S. View of Hawaiians Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 thru economic treaties. Limit voting rights to only wealth landowners (white planters) Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 thru economic treaties. Limit voting rights to only wealth landowners (white planters)

Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Anti American involvement Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii 1875 – Reciprocity Treaty: voting rights limited to wealthy landowners (whites) 1890 – McKinley Tariff American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani – American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani. Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the Spoils Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

An exercise in imperialism SPANISH AMERICAN WAR

Causes Spain’s Imperial powers decline –Cuban rebellions –Americans related William Randolph Hearst and the Yellow Press –Exaggerated stories with sensational headlines and pictures to prompt dislike of Spanish government February 1898: Enrique Dupuy de Lome –Stolen by Cuban Rebels in DC –Calls McKinley (President), “weak and stupid” –Jingoism: aggressive nationalism The Yellow Kid

Remember the Maine! To Hell with Spain! Shortly after de Lome’s letter “War? Sure!”: The people Not quite for the president –Naval Board must investigate the explosion first March 28,1898: Board concluded a mine blew it up

A Declaration of War April 11, 1898, McKinley requests War declaration on Spain »In the name of humanity, in the name of civilization, in behalf of endangered American interests! 8 Days later.. –Four war resolutions passed that declared war on Spain –Teller Amendments (Resolution #4): US had no interest in annexing Cuba –Spain declares back in response

Theodore Roosevelt Assistant Secretary to the Navy under McKinley –“You have the backbone of a chocolate éclair!” –Resigns to fight in Cuba! Rough Riders –Westerners and Upper-class Easterners –9 th and 10 th Calvary: African American Outfit –Success: Kettle and San Juan Hills

Battles in Cuba June 1898: 17,000 US troops make landfall July 3 rd, 1898: Naval Blockade July 3 rd, 1898: Spanish unsuccessfully attempt to flee Santiago Harbor Surrendered August 7 th, 1898: Withdrawal from Cuba

Deaths in Cuba

Philippines: The Other Spanish Possession At Sea May 1 st, 1898: Commodore Dewey enters Manila Bay “Fire when ready!” Spanish fleet decimated in a matter of minutes ON Land: Emilio Aguinaldo: Rebel leader 15,000 American troops aided

Effects Treaty Paris (1898) War with Spain OVER –$20 million for Philippines The American Anti-Imperialist League (1899) –Campaigned against annexing the Philippines –Mark Twain, Williams Jennings Bryan, Andrew Carnegie McKinley created an American Empire –Re-elected in 1900 –America gains status in World affairs

THE US IN CHINA

Spheres of Influence US, France, Britain, Germany, Russia interest in the region Carve it up! –Each country had exclusive rights and access to China markets in their region

Boxer Rebellion Righteous and Harmonious Fists: secret society that emerged in response to Western influence on their society –Condemn Chinese Christian converts 2,100 soldiers  20,000 sent in to squash rebellion Indemnity: money to repair damages –China must pay!

Open Door Policy America doesn’t want colonies in China, just free trade! –Described by John Hay US used some of the indemnity money to fund Chinese scholarship

Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Diplomacy US needs a strong military to achieve its goals Civilize weaker nations American elite must accept challenge of international leadership

Big Stick Diplomacy Panama Canal –$40 Million purchase from Columbia –Panamanian rebellion  Panamanian freedom from Columbia –$10 million purchase from Panama and $250,000 rent/year

Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy Maintain open door policy Less about “the big stick” Increase American investments in business and banks in Central America and Caribbean –Plantations, Mines, Oil wells, railways Dollar Diplomacy and the Big Stick Intervene –Nicaragua in 1909 and 1912