People and Ideas on the Move Indo-Europeans: group of nomadic ppl who came from the steppes I.E. language has lineage today in Europe, Asia, Spanish, English, Persian, and Hindi (words on pg 61) Unexplained Migration I.E.’s migrate out of the steppes around 1700 BC to different regions. Not exactly sure why. What are some possible explanations?

Hittite Empire Around 2000 BC, the Hittites control Anatolia (62). Separate Hittite states form an empire around 1650 BC and make Hattusas its capitol. It dominated for 450 years. They take over Babylon, but can’t defeat or be defeat by Egypt so….. They sign a peace treaty promising to work together against future invaders

Hittites adapt- they use their own languages domestically, but use Akkadian (Babylonian language) internationally. They borrowed ideas of literature, art, politics, and law from Mesopotamia Were superior in warfare b/c of superior chariots (light and maneuverable) and iron weapons. Due to flights of migration tribes attack the Hittite Empire, ending its reign around 1190 BC

Aryans Transform India Settled east of the Caspian Sea and migrated toward the Indus River Valley Left no archaeological record, but did leave Vedas Vedas- 4 collections of prayers, spells, and instructions for performing rituals (*Rig Veda) Caste System Develops Organized into four groups: Brahmins (priests), warriors, traders/landowners, peasants. As Aryans migrate into Indus RV, Shudras do the work that Aryans don’t want to Skin color distinguishes the classes oftentimes “untouchables”

Aryan Kingdoms Arise Extend their settlements (65) Originally, chiefs were elected by tribe. Then, minor kings emerge and set up territorial kingdoms. Magadha was the strongest Mahabharata-epic that depicts the struggles between Aryan kings Violence and confusion about humans and gods cause new religions to emerge. Guess which…

Hinduism Cannot be traced back to one founder with a single set of ideas Origins and Beliefs Belief that religion liberates the soul Upanishads- written dialogues that explain how a person can achieve “liberation” (moksha) Reincarnation: soul can be born again and again until moksha is achieved Karma- one’s good or bad deeds follow them from one life to the next to influence their circumstances (caste system)

Hinduism Changes Originally had three gods (Brahma- the creator, Vishnu- the protector, and Shiva- the destroyer) Over time, Vishnu takes on different personalities (Krishna and Rama). Also, the idea of a “world soul” (Brahman) declines, and people worship Devi (Mother Goddess) Today, Hindus are free to worship their own deity or none at all, and can take three different paths toward moksha

Hinduism and Society Essentially only men at the top could achieve moksha in their present life People’s situation reflects their past lives Hinduism dominated every aspect of a person’s life (what they could eat, cleanliness, their friends, their clothing, etc.) New Religions Arise Jainism and Buddhism

Jainism Founded by Mahavira, this religion argues that everything has a soul and should not be harmed (insects, plants, etc.) Preach tolerance of religions and do not spread their culture (most still live in India)

Buddhism Founded by Siddhartha Gautama Destined for greatness by prophecy Siddhartha’s 29, leaves his family’s palace for the first time (four times in all) 1 st - sees an old man, 2 nd - sees a sick man, 3 rd - sees a corpse, 4 th - a holy man at peace with himself Interprets this to mean that every person will experience old age, health problems, and death; but that with a religious life you can escape all these

Wandered through Indian forests for 6 years seeking enlightenment Tried fasting and it didn’t work. Spoke with other religious scholars, and it didn’t work. Finally, he meditated underneath a fig tree for 49 days and reached a conclusion on the cause of suffering. From then on, he was named the Buddha or “enlightened one”

Origins and Beliefs of Buddhism 4 Noble Truths- preached to 5 disciples 1.Life is filled with suffering and sorrow 2.Cause of suffering is people’s selfish desire for temporary pleasures of the world 3.Way to end suffering is to end desires 4.The way to overcome desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold Path (69)

By following the path, one could reach nirvana (release from selfishness and pain) Buddha agreed with reincarnation, but rejected the idea of the caste system (b/c of the privileges of the Brahman priests) NIRVANA vs. MOKSHA***

RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY 5 disciples who heard Buddha’s first sermon were admitted to the sangha Three Jewels of Buddhism- religious community, Buddha, and dharma (doctrine) Buddhism and Society Monks and nuns vow to live a life of poverty, nonviolence, and abstinence Women are allowed in the sangha

Buddhism in India After Buddha’s death, missionaries spread his faith all over Asia, except India? Why do you think this is so since it originated there? Trade & Spread of Buddhism Along with trading their products, they carried Buddhism to Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, and Sumatra. Also along the Silk Roads to China, and then to Japan and Korea.