Chapter th Century Society Urbanization and Intellectual Movements

First Industrial Revolution Textiles Textiles Coal Coal Iron Iron Railroads Railroads

Second Industrial Revolution Last half of the 19 th century Last half of the 19 th century Steel Production: heavy machinery, rails, larger structures Steel Production: heavy machinery, rails, larger structures Oil: kerosene for lighting, internal combustion engines for factory machines Oil: kerosene for lighting, internal combustion engines for factory machines Electricity: Electricity: 1881 England: first electric power stations 1881 England: first electric power stations Steel, textiles, shoemaking and construction industries Steel, textiles, shoemaking and construction industries Chemicals: Photo processing, soaps, dyes, fertilizers, explosives (Germany first) Chemicals: Photo processing, soaps, dyes, fertilizers, explosives (Germany first)

Growing Demand for Experts with specialized knowledge Science and technology became linked Science and technology became linked New Professionals: Engineers, architecture, chemistry, accounting, surveying New Professionals: Engineers, architecture, chemistry, accounting, surveying Managers: for large private and public institutions Managers: for large private and public institutions

By 1890’s Germany the Industrial Leader England’s early investment in technology made it difficult to shift to new techniques of 2 nd Industrial Revolution England’s early investment in technology made it difficult to shift to new techniques of 2 nd Industrial Revolution Germany’s late enterence allowed it to enter with state-of-the-art technology Germany’s late enterence allowed it to enter with state-of-the-art technology Germany led in production of organic chemicals and power generators Germany led in production of organic chemicals and power generators

Continued Urban Migration By 1900 over half of industrial workers in England, Germany, and Belgium worked for companies with more than 20 workers By 1900 over half of industrial workers in England, Germany, and Belgium worked for companies with more than 20 workers

Urbanization Population Growth: England the first to experience urban growth England the first to experience urban growth 1891 over 50% of population in urban areas 1891 over 50% of population in urban areas 1891 London largest city in Europe 1891 London largest city in Europe Population in Europe up 50% Population in Europe up 50% By European cities had 1 million + By European cities had 1 million + Big decline in mortality rates (especially children) Big decline in mortality rates (especially children) Birth rates fell in some areas (France) Birth rates fell in some areas (France)

Population continued Better medical knowledge, nutrition, housing Better medical knowledge, nutrition, housing Number of children per family fell…especially among the middle class Number of children per family fell…especially among the middle class

Poor living conditions continued Through first ½ of 19 th century: Parks and open spaces nonexistent Parks and open spaces nonexistent 10 people per room: in cellars, attics 10 people per room: in cellars, attics Open drains and sewers flowed through the streets with garbage, excrement Open drains and sewers flowed through the streets with garbage, excrement Total absence of public transportation Total absence of public transportation

Public Health Movement Edwin Chadwick The most important reformer of living conditions in cities Edwin Chadwick The most important reformer of living conditions in cities Tried to end high incidence of disease and mortality rate occurring in cities Tried to end high incidence of disease and mortality rate occurring in cities Saw disease and death as CAUSES of poverty Saw disease and death as CAUSES of poverty Was influenced by Jeremy Bentham’s Utilitarianism Was influenced by Jeremy Bentham’s Utilitarianism

Edwin Chadwick continued Sanitary Idea: believed disease could be prevented by cleaning up urban environment Sanitary Idea: believed disease could be prevented by cleaning up urban environment Adequate supply of cleaned piped water could carry off excrement of communal outhouses Adequate supply of cleaned piped water could carry off excrement of communal outhouses Would cost only 1/20 of removing it by hand Would cost only 1/20 of removing it by hand

Public Health Laws 1848 England: First public health law 1848 England: First public health law Due to the Cholera epidemic of early 1830’s Due to the Cholera epidemic of early 1830’s Germany, France and U.S. adopted many of Chadwick’s ideas Germany, France and U.S. adopted many of Chadwick’s ideas By 1860’s and 70’s many European cities made progress in public sanitation By 1860’s and 70’s many European cities made progress in public sanitation

Urban Planning and Public Transportation France first under reign of Napoleon III France first under reign of Napoleon III Georges von Haussmann: redeveloped Paris Georges von Haussmann: redeveloped Paris Wide Boulevards (would also prevent barricades) Wide Boulevards (would also prevent barricades) Better middle-class housing on city’s outskirts Better middle-class housing on city’s outskirts Demolition of slums Demolition of slums Creation of parks, open spaces Creation of parks, open spaces

Urban Planning continued New system of aqueducts doubled fresh water supply New system of aqueducts doubled fresh water supply 400 miles of underground sewers were built 400 miles of underground sewers were built In response to cholera epidemics of 1832 and 1849 In response to cholera epidemics of 1832 and 1849 Vienna, Cologne, and other cities followed Paris’ lead Vienna, Cologne, and other cities followed Paris’ lead

Mass Transportation By 1890’s The electric streetcar revolutionized public transportation By 1890’s The electric streetcar revolutionized public transportation Created suburbs on the outskirts of cities Created suburbs on the outskirts of cities Electricity led to the creation of London’s subway system in the 1860’s Electricity led to the creation of London’s subway system in the 1860’s Paris had the Metro by 1900 Paris had the Metro by 1900 By 1900 only 9% of England’s population was overcrowded (now = more than 2 per room) By 1900 only 9% of England’s population was overcrowded (now = more than 2 per room)

Migration and Immigration Migration to the cities from the countryside continued BUT now migrants maintained ties to rural areas Migration to the cities from the countryside continued BUT now migrants maintained ties to rural areas After 1880 huge numbers of southern and eastern Europeans migrated to America for economic opportunities After 1880 huge numbers of southern and eastern Europeans migrated to America for economic opportunities Also went to Canada and Latin America Also went to Canada and Latin America In some places agricultural challenges forced migration In some places agricultural challenges forced migration

Eastern European Jews Pogroms, other persecution in eastern Europe forced Jewish population to flee: Pogroms, other persecution in eastern Europe forced Jewish population to flee: To Western Europe To Western Europe To U.S., Canada, Latin America To U.S., Canada, Latin America