CURRENT SITUATION OF NEGOTIATIONS FOR MARITIME TRANSPORT SERVICES AT WTO By Nagayuki SUZUKI Deputy Director, International Maritime Agreements Office,

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CURRENT SITUATION OF NEGOTIATIONS FOR MARITIME TRANSPORT SERVICES AT WTO By Nagayuki SUZUKI Deputy Director, International Maritime Agreements Office, Maritime Bureau Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport JAPAN  この時間は、WTO・GATSにおける海運交渉について、現状を中心に概要を説明し、我が国の考えを説明することとしたいと思います。

Feature of Maritime Transport International maritime transport: plays a major role in international trade of goods Is vital for economic activities has to meet ever- increasing demand of trade forms a single market in the world therefore, needs fair competition rules WTO/GATS is only international rule for trade in service

What is WTO/GATS? WTO (World Trade Organization): is established on 1 January 1995 is located in Geneva, Switzerland has 148 member countries has many agreements on trade in goods & service GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Service) is one of WTO agreements focused on service trade has effective functions: MFN, progressive liberalization, transparency, dispute settlement mechanism, etc また、GATSにおいて個々のメンバーが積極的に約束を行うことも重要です。 保護主義的な措置や適当なルールの欠如によって引き起こされる競争において、効率的なサービスを提供する本当の能力を持つ勝者はいません。 GATSの下での自由化は、長期的に見て、  - サービス提供者の真の競争力や  - サービスの効率性や  - 当該国における全産業に大きな利益、例えば、海外からの投資の促進、雇用機会の拡大  をもたらすことが期待できます。 ⇒この点からも、積極的な約束を躊躇すべきではないといえます。

Liberalization based on the GATS Multilateral System Liberalization under GATS may bring in a long term: real competitiveness of service providers efficiency of the service significant benefits to overall industries e.g. promotion of foreign investments expansion of employment opportunities In many sectors agreed in the Uruguay Round, the GATS has contribute to: lowering entry costs, raising legal transparency and predictability in domestic regulations 海運の自由化の現状はどうなっているのでしょうか。 ウルグアイラウンドで成功した多くの分野でGATSは参入コストの低減、国内規制の法的透明性及び予測可能性の向上に貢献してきた実績があります。 残念ながら前回交渉が合意に至らなかったため海運は事実上GATSの適用範囲外となってしまっています。 このため、海運は他の分野に比べれば既に自由化が進んだ分野ではあるが、どこにおいてもというわけではなく、保証されているわけではなく、法的に担保されているわけでもないという状況にあります。

Negotiation for Maritime Transport Service Uruguay Round (1986-1994) Negotiation Group on Maritime Transport Service (1994-1996) - did not reach consensus - were suspended resumed as so-called Build-in-Agenda (2000-) New round of WTO negotiation (2001-) - set benchmarks: to submit initial request by 30 June 2002 to submit initial offers by 31 March 2003 to conclude negotiation by 1 January 2005 - request- offer process started after submission of initial request それでは過去のウルグアイラウンドや海運継続交渉において海運交渉はどうだったのでしょうか。 国際海運は元来領域を越えて提供されるサービスであり、昔から国際的なサービスとして発展してきていました。 どのようにして、その自由化レベルを保証し、更なる自由化を行うべきか。検討されたと理解しております。 ところが、ウルグアイラウンド及び海運継続交渉では合意に至りませんでした。 次回交渉まで海運交渉を中断し、 最恵国待遇の規定も交渉妥結まで適用しないこととされました。

Model Schedule for Maritime Transport Services The inadequacies of classical classification (W120 based on the United Nations Central Product Classification (CPC)) have led to the elaboration of the model schedule, based on 3 pillars: International maritime transport Maritime auxiliary services Access to / use of port services 海運サービスのモデル約束表について説明します。  前回交渉において、CPCに基づいたW120による分類は、海運に関しては適当ではなく、このため3ピラーに基づくモデル約束表が作成されました。先に述べたように、今回の交渉においてこれに従うことがコンセンサスとなりつつあります。 大きな分類として、3の柱が建てられています。 国際海運 海運補助サービス 港湾サービスへのアクセス及び利用 

“July Package” The text of the General Council’s decision on the Doha Agenda work programme (the “July package”), agreed on 1 August 2004 Members who have not yet submitted their initial offers must do so as soon as possible. In order to ensure a substantive outcome, Members shall strive to ensure a high quality of offers. Members shall aim to achieve progressively higher levels of liberalization with no a priori exclusion. Members note the interest of developing countries, as well as other Members, in Mode 4. 海運を含むサービス交渉は、リクエスト・オファー方式により行われています。2003年3月の初期オファー提出期限以降は、主に二国間協議を中心に進められています。 2003年9月にカンクンで開催された第5回閣僚会議が決裂した後、早期に枠組み合意することが待ち望まれていました。 2005年7月27日から31日までWTO本部で開催された一般理事会においては、農産品、工業品、サービスなど交渉分野ごとに貿易障壁を削減・撤廃するルールの大枠が決められました。

Schedule after the “July Package” The Council agreed that the 6th Ministerial Conference will be held in Hong Kong in December 2005. Revised offers should be tabled by May 2005. Members who have not yet submitted their initial offers must do so as soon as possible. 7月合意の内容の中で、特に海運を含むサービス交渉に関係するものは次のとおりです。 ・次回閣僚会合を2005年12月に香港において開催する(交渉期限を1年以上延長) ・改訂オファーの提出期限を2005年5月に設定する ・オファー未提出国の早期提出促進などサービス貿易理事会が7月に合意した勧告を採択する

Maritime Transport Services Seminar 16 February 2005 was co-hosted by Maritime Friends Members at the WTO aimed to - urge understanding of importance and significance of the liberalization of maritime transport services in WTO, - promoting understanding of WTO member countries primarily in developing countries for utilization of the “Model Schedule”, and - accelerate maritime transport service negotiation further 2005年2月のWTOサービス貿易理事会特別会合等の開催に際し、海運フレンズ加盟国は、2月17日にスイス・ジュネーブのWTO本部にて「海運自由化セミナー」を共催した。 セミナーは、 ・WTOにおける海運サービスの自由化の意義・重要性に対する理解を促し、 ・「海運モデル約束表」の活用について、開発途上国を中心により多くのWTO加盟国の理解を促すことにより、WTO海運サービ   ス交渉をより一層加速すること、 を目的として開催された。

Session 1: Effects of liberalization of Maritime Transport Services Importance of liberalization of maritime transport services by WTO, which affects sound development for economy of developing countries. (UNCTAD) Various regulations and antimonopoly exemption make it difficult to reduce cost and endeavor for efficiency. (European Shippers Council) Liberalization of maritime auxiliary services is needed to respond cargo owner’s needs. (European Community Shipowners’ Associations) Maritime Model Schedule is appropriate as a vehicle for making commitments. (WTO Trade in Service Division) 第1部では、海運サービスの自由化が、運送コストを低減化するとともに、より荷主のニーズにあったサービスの実現を促すことで、世界貿易の拡大の促進剤となるとの観点からプレゼンテーションが行われた。 ・UNCTAD事務局からは、WTOによる海運自由化が開発途上国の経済の健全な発展に与える重要性について ・荷主業界(欧州荷主協会)からは、海運分野に存在する各種規制や独占禁止法の適用除外などの措置が、荷主の輸出入のコスト低減化、効率化に向けた努力を困難にしているとの認識が示された。  ・船社団体(欧州船主協会)からは、荷主のニーズにより応えるために、海運補助サービスの自由化が求められるとの見解が示された。 ・WTO事務局からは、「海運モデル約束表」の経緯や、今後の海運交渉の有効なツールとしていかに活用すべきかなどについて、技術的な観点から説明が行われた。

Session 2 :Liberalization of Maritime Transport Services from the view of companies and regulatory authority How can shipping company meet with shipper’s needs in the era of global logistics (China Ocean Shipping Company) Evergreen’s international management (Evergreen) User’s need in maritime auxiliary services from view of an international freight forwarding services supplier (Panalpina) Deregulation of the maritime industry (Korea Maritime Institute) Liberalization of Logistics related services (Austrian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade) 第2部では、世界を代表する海運企業3社により、各々の国際展開、サービス多様化の状況、近年の荷主ニーズの傾向、規制緩和に対する自らのニーズについて説明が行われた。 ・COSCO(中国海洋運輸公司)からは、WTOによる海運サービス自由化に対する期待が示された ・エバーグリーン社(台湾)からは、ロジスティクス・サービスと密接に結びついた、国際的なサービス展開戦略が述べられた ・パナルピナ社(スイス)からは、ロジスティクス・サービスと関連した具体的な問題点が指摘された。 規制当局の観点から、 ・韓国海事研究所より、韓国海運業界における近年の規制緩和について説明がなされた ・豪外交通商省より、ロジスティクス・サービス分野の自由化ついて説明がなされた

Joint Statement on the Importance of Commitments on Maritime Transport Services 25 February 2005 was circulated to the members of the Council for Trade in Service says: - Negotiations shall be based on the 1996 conditional offers or improved offers; - two years have passed since the last Joint Statement by 52 co-sponsors in March 2003. But, the situation is far from satisfactory; - The global liberalization of maritime transport services under the GATS would benefit all Members; - The Seminar clearly demonstrated the use of the Maritime Model Schedule; and - Members are urged to contribute to the negotiations by tabling high quality and meaningful initial and revised offers. 海運フレンズ会合において、共同声明をサービス貿易理事会特別会合に提出することとなりました。 主な内容は以下の通りです。 ・2003年3月、初期オファーの提出期限を目前に控え、全てのメンバーに対し現行交渉への積極的な参加を慫慂することを目的とし、52ヶ国の共同による海運自由化共同声明(TN/S/W/11)がサービス貿易理事会に提出された。 ・それから2年が経過したが、満足し難い状況にある。 ・GATSの下での海上運送サービスの世界的な自由化は、先進国と開発途上国双方を含む全加盟国の利益になる。 ・セミナーでは、海運モデル約束表を活用することにより、海上運送サービスにおける約束が促進されることが明確に示された。この約束表は柔軟なものであり、様々な規制の枠組みに対応している。 ・加盟国は現在の姿勢を見直すとともに、質が高く意味のある初期オファー及び改訂オファーを提出し交渉に貢献することが強く求められる。

Expectation for Maritime Initiative Liberalization of the maritime transport service: realizes a reliable, efficient and cost-effective market in the maritime transport sector, enable to access to a global network of the sound market is beneficial to all WTO members including the MI members meets APEC Bogor Goals also meets Maritime Mission Statement All member economies are invited to actively participate in the negotiations for Maritime Transport Service 以上、海運交渉に関して現状を中心に包括的に説明を行ってまいりました。明らかに言えることは、多国間の海運の国際約束を有効に形成し得るツールとして、現状においてはGATS以上のものはないということです。 GATSの機能を海運でも活用できるようにするためには、海運交渉を合意に導くことが必要です。このためには、主要国が積極的に交渉に参加し合意を形成するに十分な自由化約束をすることが必要となると考えられます。 貴国も、海運の主要国として、交渉に積極的に参加し、積極的に自由化約束のレベルを高めることを期待しております。

Thank you