Animal Contributions to Human Needs

What animals are used for production purposes?

SCIENCE a process through which nature is STUDIED, DISCOVERED, and UNDERSTOOD.

Animal Science The PROCESS through which LIVESTOCK ANIMALS are STUDIED and UNDERSTOOD.

Animal Science Involves BREEDING, feeding, care and MANAGEMENT of animals; MARKETING and PROCESSING of animals and their PRODUCTS based on knowledge gained through practical EXPERIENCE and RESEARCH.

Domestication To adapt an animal for human use

Five requirements for domestication 1.The animal is VALUED and there are clear PURPOSES for which it is kept. 2.The animal’s BREEDING is subject to human control. 3.The animal’s SURVIVAL depends upon humans.

Five requirements for domestication 4.The animal’s BEHAVIOR (psychology) is changed in domestication. 5.Morphological (STRUCTURAL) characteristics have appeared which occur rarely if at all in the wild.

Wild animal not GENETICALLY altered by artificial selection for use by humans Example

Tame wild animal a wild animal that, through intervention of man, has adapted BEHAVIORALLY so as to be useful to humans. Example

Exotic animal a wild animal belonging to a species whose historic native range lies totally outside NORTH AMERICA Example

Domestic animal an animal that has been genetically altered from the original wild species for use by humans through ARTIFICIAL SELECTION Example

Feral animal a DOMESTIC animal that lives in the WILD with no human assistance Example

Feral population a REPRODUCING group of FERAL animals Example

Species a group of closely related animals that can INTERBREED and produce FERTILE offspring Example

Breed animals of common ORIGIN with characteristics that distinguish them from other groups within the same SPECIES Example

Type animals of the same SPECIES that are grouped together based on the PRODUCTS they produce Example

Scientific Names of Domesticated Livestock Animals Genus species

European Cattle Bos taurus

Indian Cattle Bos indicus

Sheep Ovis aries

Goats Capra hircus

Swine Sus scrofa domesticus

Horse Equus caballus

Donkey Equus asinus

Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus

Llama Llama glama

Alpaca Llama pacos

Dog Canis familiaris

Cat Felis catus

Chicken Gallus domesticus

Turkey Meleagris gallopavo

Duck Anas platyrhyncha

Goose Anser anser

Terms of Domesticated Animals

Cattle Terminology Species Bovine

Cattle Terminology Group Herd

Cattle Terminology Adult Male Bull

Cattle Terminology Adult Female Cow

Cattle Terminology Young Male Bull Calf

Cattle Terminology Young Female Heifer Calf

Cattle Terminology Newborn Calf

Cattle Terminology Castrated Male Bullock or Steer

Cattle Terminology Offspring w/Dam Calf at Foot or Suckling

Cattle Terminology Birthing Calving

Cattle Terminology Mating Serving

Sheep Terminology Species Ovine

Sheep Terminology Group Flock

Sheep Terminology Adult Male Ram, Buck, or Tup

Sheep Terminology Adult Female Ewe

Sheep Terminology Young Male Ram Lamb or Buck Lamb

Sheep Terminology Young Female Ewe Lamb

Sheep Terminology Newborn Lamb

Sheep Terminology Castrated Male Wether

Sheep Terminology Offspring w/Dam Suckling

Sheep Terminology Birthing Lambing

Sheep Terminology Mating Tupping

Goats Terminology Species Caprine

Goats Terminology Group Flock or Band

Goats Terminology Adult Male Buck or Billy

Goats Terminology Adult Female Doe or Nanny

Goats Terminology Young Male Buckling

Goats Terminology Young Female Goatling

Goats Terminology Newborn Kid

Goats Terminology Castrated Male Wether

Goats Terminology Offspring w/Dam Suckling

Goats Terminology Birthing Kidding

Goats Terminology Mating Serving

Swine Terminology Species Swine or Sus

Swine Terminology Group Drove

Swine Terminology Adult Male Boar

Swine Terminology Adult Female Sow

Swine Terminology Young Male Boar Pig or Boarling

Swine Terminology Young Female Gilt

Swine Terminology Newborn Pig, Piglet, Pigling

Swine Terminology Castrated Male Barrow, Stag, Hog

Swine Terminology Offspring w/Dam Suckling

Swine Terminology Birthing Farrowing

Swine Terminology Mating Coupling

Poultry Terminology Species Gallus

Poultry Terminology Group Flock

Poultry Terminology Adult Male Rooster, Cock

Poultry Terminology Adult Female Hen

Poultry Terminology Young Male Cockerel

Poultry Terminology Young Female Pullet

Poultry Terminology Newborn Chick

Poultry Terminology Castrated Male Capon

Poultry Terminology Offspring w/Dam Clutch, Brood

Poultry Terminology Birthing Hatching

Poultry Terminology Mating ?????

Horse Terminology Species Equine

Horse Terminology Group Herd, Band, etc.

Horse Terminology Adult Male Stallion

Horse Terminology Adult Female Mare

Horse Terminology Young Male Colt

Horse Terminology Young Female Filly

Horse Terminology Newborn Foal

Horse Terminology Castrated Male Gelding

Horse Terminology Offspring w/Dam Suckling or Foal at Side

Horse Terminology Birthing Foaling

Horse Terminology Mating Serving

Functions of Livestock Product- an actual material provided by an animal that can be bought, sold, or used Service- a work provided by an animal

Functions of Livestock Food Clothing Power Recreation

Food Meat Eggs Milk Honey

Clothing Wool Leather Hair/Fur Feathers

Power Horses Mules, Donkeys, Burros Llamas, Alpacas Oxen, Water buffalo, reindeer, yak, camels

Recreation Pleasure Horses Purebred Herds and Flocks Livestock Exhibitions, Shows, Rodeos Horse Racing

Mainstream Domestic Animals Dairy Cattle Beef Cattle Sheep (Wool, Meat, Dairy) Swine Goats (Mohair, Milk, Meat, Cashmere) Horses, Mules, Donkeys, etc Poultry

Non-Traditional Domestic Animals Ostrich & Emu Deer and Elk Bison Aquaculture Llamas and Alpacas Alligators Rare Breeds of Domestic Animals

Types of Livestock

Cattle Beef Type Dairy Type Dual Purpose Multi-Purpose

Sheep Wool type Meat or Mutton type Dual Purpose Dairy Type Fine Medium Long Colored Meat or Mutton type Dual Purpose Dairy Type

Swine Lard Type Bacon Type Meat Type

Horses Draft Type Racing Ranch Work/Stock Horse Trotting Pacers

Poultry Eggs (Layers) Meat (Broilers) Ornamental Cock Fighting

Why Farmers Use Livestock Converts feed to meat; feed generally brings more money when marketed through livestock Utilizes labor the year around Allows for greater production capacity and increases opportunity for making profits Helps maintain fertility of the land

Why Farmers Use Livestock May more fully utilize capital, machinery and wasteland (range). Utilizes roughage that can’t readily be sold (poor hay, corn stalks, straw, etc.) Diversifies that farm and/or ranch Personal satisfaction of working with domesticated animals

Animal Protein Animal proteins are superior to vegetable proteins for humans Animal proteins have improved amino acid balance over vegetable protein Producing animals for meat, mike, eggs, etc. is not as efficient as compared to cereal grains produced for humans alone

Ruminants Have a four compartment stomach Can digest roughages Manufacture essential amino acids and energy Examples include: Cattle Sheep Goats

Non-ruminants (Monogastric) Have a single compartment stomach Need supplementary sources of amino acids and vitamins Examples include: Swine Poultry Horses

Contributions to Food Needs Vegetarianism -- started in India, due to long-term population pressure and scarcity of feed and forage for animals -- also religious concerns; all life is sacred. Rising Population Pressures -- particularly in developing regions force people to consume foods of plant origin

Contributions to food Needs

Contributions to Food Needs Meat -- is important in diet; excellent balance of amino acids, vitamins and especially Vitamin B12 Milk -- approximately 90% of milk for human consumption in the world comes from cattle Over 85% of the world population desires food of animal origin

Vegan Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian Vegetarian Lacto Vegetarian Ovo Vegetarian Raw Vegan Pescatarian Flexitarian Pollo Vegetarians

Vegan: No animal products at all Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian: no meat, milk, eggs Vegetarian: no meat Lacto Vegetarian: no meat or milk Ovo Vegetarian: no meat or eggs Raw Vegan: only raw, uncooked vegetables and fruits Pescatarian: Will eat fish, no other meat Flexitarian: Occasionally eats meat Pollo Vegetarians: Eats poultry, no other meat

Calories of cultural or Fossil Fuel expended per calorie of food Hunting Game .1-.2 Soybeans .2-.5 Range Lamb .3-.4 Corn .4-.5 Range Beef .5-.6 Coastal Fishing .9-1.1 Poultry 1.5-2.0 Hogs 2.5-3.2 Farm Forage Beef 3.0-4.0 Feedlot Beef 10.5-12.0

Feed Conversion Values For each 1lb of gain, each animal eats Sheep 5-7 lbs Cattle 7-8 lbs Swine 3.0-3.5 lbs Turkeys 3.0-3.5 lbs Chicken 2

Livestock Feed Consumption Range/Pasture 34% Processed Feed 7% Feed Grain 26% Hay 32% Wheat 1%

US Livestock Producers- 1996 Beef 55.4% 909,100 Swine 11.9% 182,700 Chickens 10.9% 179,200 Dairy 8.5% 140,100 Horses 5.4% 88,400 Ducks/Geese 2.4% 39,600 Goats (milk) .9% 15,400 Goats (angora) .3% 5,400

Top States in Beef Production 1. Texas 2. Kansas 3. Nebraska 4. Oklahoma 5. California Utah’s Rank 28th

Top States in Dairy Production 1. California 2. Wisconsin 3. New York 4. Pennsylvania 5. Michigan Utah’s Rank 25th

Top States in Sheep Production 1. Texas 2. California 3. Wyoming 4. Colorado 5. South Dakota Utah’s Rank 7th

Top States in Goat Production 1. Texas 2. New Mexico 3. Arizona 4. Oklahoma 5. California Utah’s Rank ?

Top States in Swine Production 1. Iowa 2. North Carolina 3. Michigan 4. Illinois 5. Indiana Utah’s Rank 20th

Top States in Layers Production 1. California 2. Ohio 3. Indiana 4. Pennsylvania 5. Iowa Utah’s Rank 33rd

Top States in Broiler Production 1. Arkansas 2. Georgia 3. Alabama 4. North Carolina 5. Mississippi Utah’s Rank ??

Top States in Turkey Production 1. North Carolina 2. Minnesota 3. Arkansas 4. Missouri 5. California Utah’s Rank 14th

Number of Farms and Ranches 1. Texas 2. Missouri 3. Iowa 4. Kentucky 5. Minnesota Utah’s Rank 36th

Land in Farms and Ranches 1. Texas 2. Montana 3. Kansas 4. Nebraska 5. New Mexico Utah’s Rank 28th

Utah’s Rank in Other Areas Mink Production 2nd Trout Production 6th Honey Production 24th