Body Systems

Musculoskeletal System Respiratory System Cardiovascular System Anatomy of the heart Circulation of blood Components of blood Pulse Blood Pressure Nervous System Digestive System Skin Function Layers Endocrine System

Anatomical position Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Proximal Distal Medial Lateral

Musculoskeletal System Skeleton Skull Houses and protects the brain Cranium: Orbit; Nasal Bone; Maxillae, upper jaw; Mandible, lower jaw; Zygomatic arches Houses and protects the brain Cranium: Orbit; Nasal Bone; Maxillae, upper jaw; Mandible, lower jaw; Zygomatic arches

Houses and protects the brain Cranium: Orbit; Nasal Bone; Maxillae, upper jaw; Mandible, lower jaw; Zygomatic arches

Spine - 12 - 5 - 5 - 4 Cervicle-7; Thoracic-12; Lumbar-5; Sacral-5; coccyx-4

Cervicle-7; Thoracic-12; Lumbar-5; Sacral-5; coccyx-4

Thorax Ribs Sternum

Illiac Crest Iliac Crest

Pelvis Ilium Pubis Ischium Acetabulum Ilium: Superior bone that contains the Iliac Crest; Pubis, anterior portion; Ischium, inferior/posterior portion; Acetabulum, socket of the hip joint

Ilium: Superior bone that contains the Iliac Crest; Pubis, anterior portion; Ischium, inferior/posterior portion; Acetabulum, socket of the hip joint

Medial and Lower mallelous Tarsals and metatarsals Calcaneus Phalanges Lower Extremities Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Medial and Lower mallelous Tarsals and metatarsals Calcaneus Phalanges Medial and Lower Mallelous; surface landmarks of the ankle joint Medial and Lower Mallelous; surface landmarks of the ankle joint

Acromioclavicular Joint Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Upper Extremities Clavicle Scapula Acromioclavicular Joint Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Carpals: Wrist Metacarpals: Hand Phalanges: Fingers

Carpals: Wrist Metacarpals: Hand Phalanges: Fingers

Bones connect to other bones Types: Ball and socket; Hinge Joints Bones connect to other bones Types: Ball and socket; Hinge Bones connect to other bones Types: Ball and socket; Hinge

Function: Gives the body shape; provides for movement Muscles Function Voluntary Involuntary Cardiac Function: Gives the body shape; provides for movement Function: Gives the body shape; provides for movement

Voluntary Skeletal Attached to bone Form the major muscle mass Under control of the nervous system and brain Can be contracted and relaxed at your will Responsible for movement

Involuntary Smooth Found in the GI tract, urinary system, blood vessels and bronchi Control the flow of blood Carry out the automatic muscular functions No direct control Respond to stretching, heat and cold

Cardiac Found only in the heart Involuntary Own supply of blood; coronary artery system Can tolerate interruption for very short periods Automaticity: Ability of muscles to contract on their own

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Anatomy Physiology Infant and child anatomy considerations

Nasopharynx: Area posterior to the nose Oropharynx Nasopharynx: Area posterior to the nose Oropharynx Nasopharynx: Area posterior to the nose

Epiglottis

Trachea Windpipe Windpipe

Lower portiion of the……. Cricoid Cartilage Lower portiion of the……. Lower portiion of the…….

Larynx Voicebox

Subdivides into smaller air passages ending at the alveoli Bronchi Subdivides into smaller air passages ending at the alveoli Subdivides into smaller air passages ending at the alveoli

Lungs Diaphragm

Respiratory Physiology how we breathe Inhalation Based on concentration of gasses or pressure. The intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm moves slightly downward, the ribs move upward/outward and air flows into the lungs

Based on concentration of gasses or pressure Based on concentration of gasses or pressure. The intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm moves slightly downward, the ribs move upward/outward and air flows into the lungs

Exhalation Reverse the process

The intercostal muscles relax, decreasing the size of the of the thoracic cavity Diaphragm moves upward Air flows out of the lungs

Alveolar/capillary exchange Oxygen enter the alveoli during each inspiration Oxygen poor blood in the capillaries passes into the alveoli. Oxygen enters the capillaries as CO2 enters the alveoli Oxygen enter the alveoli during each inspiration Oxygen poor blood in the capillaries passes into the alveoli. Oxygen enters the capillaries as CO2 enters the alveoli

Capillary/Cellular exchange Cells give up CO2, Capillaries give up O2 to the cells Cells give up CO2, Capillaries give up O2 to the cells

Infant and Child Anatomy Considerations Mouth and Nose Pharynx Trachea Cricoid Cartilege Diaphragm Mouth and nose; structures are smaller and more easily obstructed. Pharynx; tongue takes up proportionally more space. Trachea; softer and more flexible. Cricoid Cartilege; less developed and less rigid. Diaphragm; chest wall is softer, infants and children depend on the diaphragm for breathing

Mouth and nose; structures are smaller and more easily obstructed Mouth and nose; structures are smaller and more easily obstructed. Pharynx; tongue takes up proportionally more space. Trachea; softer and more flexible. Cricoid Cartilege; less developed and less rigid. Diaphragm; chest wall is softer, infants and children depend on the diaphragm for breathing

Cardiovascular System Anatomy of the heart Circulation of the blood Composition of the blood Pulse Blood pressure Perfusion

Anatomy of the heart Atria Ventricles One way valves Conductivity

Posterior tibial: medial malleous Dorsalis Pedis; top of the foot Arteries Coronary Aorta Pulmonary Artery Carotid Brachial Radial Posterior tibial: medial malleous Dorsalis Pedis; top of the foot Carry blood away from the heart Aorta: Largest artery; divides at the navel into the iliac arteries Carotid; major artery of the neck, supplies head with blood

Carry blood away from the heart Aorta: Largest artery; divides at the navel into the iliac arteries Carotid; major artery of the neck, supplies head with blood

Arterioles Capillaries Veinules

Veins Superior vena cavea Inferior vena cavea Pulmonary vein

Composition of the Blood Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Plasma; watery salty fluid that make up over half the volume of blood. Red and white blood cells and platelets are carried in the plasma Red Blood Cells, Erythrocytes; Gives blood its color, carries o2 to the tissues and co2 away from the tissues White blood cells; Fight infection Platelets; clotting

Plasma; watery salty fluid that make up over half the volume of blood Plasma; watery salty fluid that make up over half the volume of blood. Red and white blood cells and platelets are carried in the plasma Red Blood Cells, Erythrocytes; Gives blood its color, carries o2 to the tissues and co2 away from the tissues White blood cells; Fight infection Platelets; clotting

Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Nerves Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System Sensory Carry information from the body to the brain and spinal cord Carry information from the body to the brain and spinal cord

Carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the brain Motor Carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the brain Carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the brain

Digestive System Function Organs of digestion Organs that assist in food breakdown

Function Food travels through the body and is digested or broken down into absorbable forms Food travels through the body and is digested or broken down into absorbable forms

Organs of Digestion Stomach Small intestine Stomach: Hollow organ; expands as it fills with food Small intestine: Hollow organ where food absorption takes place; Divided into 3 parts: Duodenum, jejunum, ileum Large Intestine; hollow organ; removes water from waste products Stomach: Hollow organ; expands as it fills with food Small intestine: Hollow organ where food absorption takes place; Divided into 3 parts: Duodenum, jejunum, ileum Large Intestine; hollow organ; removes water from waste products

Duodenum: Breakdown of food; Regulates the rate at which the stomach empties

Jenunum: Absorbs nutrients

Ileum: The function of the ileum is mainly to absorb vitamin B12 and bile salts and whatever products of digestion were not absorbed by the jejunum. Ileum: The function of the ileum is mainly to absorb vitamin B12 and bile salts and whatever products of digestion were not absorbed by the jejunum.

Large Intestine; hollow organ; removes water from waste products

Organs that assist in food breakdown Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Spleen Appendix Liver: Solid organ; produces bile and breaks down fats Gallbladder: Stores bile from the liver Pancreas: Produces insulin Spleen: Solid organ; filters blood; hold significant quantities of blood Appendix

Liver: Solid organ; produces bile and breaks down fats Gallbladder: Stores bile from the liver Pancreas: Produces insulin Spleen: Solid organ; filters blood; hold significant quantities of blood Appendix

Skin Function Layers Function: Protection; water balance; temperature regulation; excretion; shock absorption Layers: Epidermis; outermost most layer Dermis: Deeper layer of the skin; contains sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, and nerve endings Subcutaneous: The third layer of human skin is called the subcutaneous (meaning “under the skin”) fatty layer. It is made up of fat cells, connective tissue, and blood vessels. It also contains hair roots, from which hair growth takes place. The fat in this layer supplies nutrients to the other two layers. It also cushions the body and protects it from the cold. Function: Protection; water balance; temperature regulation; excretion; shock absorption Layers: Epidermis; outermost most layer Dermis: Deeper layer of the skin; contains sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, and nerve endings Subcutaneous: The third layer of human skin is called the subcutaneous (meaning “under the skin”) fatty layer. It is made up of fat cells, connective tissue, and blood vessels. It also contains hair roots, from which hair growth takes place. The fat in this layer supplies nutrients to the other two layers. It also cushions the body and protects it from the cold.

Endocrine System Produces Hormones Interacts with many other body systems Hormones: Chemical Messengers ie insulin, epinephrine that help to regulate body functions and activities Hormones: Chemical Messengers ie insulin, epinephrine that help to regulate body functions and activities