CRed Carbon Reduction 1 Environmental Challenges: Low Carbon Strategies at the University of East Anglia Rotary Friendship Exchange Visit - 19 th September 2008 Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal 5 th October 2007 Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) Н.К.Тови M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Energy Science Director: Low Carbon Innovation Centre School of Environmental Sciences, UEA Keith Tovey: Junior Vice-President Rotary Club of Norwich

CRed Carbon Reduction University of East Anglia Founded in 1963 with 87 students 45 years old next month Currently over students staff University Sites The Plain Earlham Hall (School of Law) The Village (Student Accommodation) School of Nursing

CRed Carbon Reduction School of Environmental Sciences A World Renowned 5** Research Department Excellent Teaching Rating Several Important Research Units with School Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation (CEEC) Centre for Economic and Behavioural Analysis of Risk & Decision (CEBARD) Centre for Environmental Risk (CER) Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment (CSERGE) Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Community Carbon Reduction Project (CRed) East Anglian Business Environment Club (EABEC) Zuckerman Institute for Connective Environmental Research (ZICER) Laboratory for Global Marine & Atmospheric Chemistry (LGMAC) Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research (TYN) WeatherQuest Ltd

Original buildings Library Student residences Teaching wall

Nelson Court Constable Terrace

Constable Terrace Four Storey Student Residence Divided into “houses” of 10 units each with en-suite facilities Heat Recovery of body and cooking heat ~ 50%. Insulation standards exceed 2006 standards Small 250 W panel heaters in individual rooms.

Low Energy Educational Buildings Nursing and Midwifery School Elizabeth Fry Building ZICER Medical School Medical School Phase 2

8 8 The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994 Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time. Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these. Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.

Quadruple Glazing Thick Insulation Air circulates through whole fabric of building Principle of Operation of TermoDeck Construction Exhaust air passes through a two channel regenerative heat exchanger which recovers 85+% of ventilation heat requirements. Mean Surface Temperature close to Air Temperature

10 Conservation: management improvements – Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption. thermal comfort +28% User Satisfaction noise +26% lighting +25% air quality +36% A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in

11 ZICER Building Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 50% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control. Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 awarded by the Carbon Trust.

12 The ground floor open plan office The first floor open plan office The first floor cellular offices

Incoming air into the AHU Regenerative heat exchanger Operation of Main Building Mechanically ventilated using hollow core slabs as air supply ducts.

Air enters the internal occupied space Filter Heater Air passes through hollow cores in the ceiling slabs Operation of Main Building

Return stale air is extracted Return air passes through the heat exchanger Out of the building Operation of Main Building Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement. Space for future chilling

Operation of Regenerative Heat Exchangers Fresh Air Stale Air Fresh Air Stale Air A B B A Stale air passes through Exchanger A and heats it up before exhausting to atmosphere Fresh Air is heated by exchanger B before going into building Stale air passes through Exchanger B and heats it up before exhausting to atmosphere Fresh Air is heated by exchanger A before going into building After ~ 90 seconds the flaps switch over

Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat Winter Day Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment Warm air

Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs also radiate heat back into room Winter Night In late afternoon heating is turned off. Cool air

Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Draws out the heat accumulated during the day Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day Summer night night ventilation/ free cooling Cold air

Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air- conditioning Summer day Warm air

Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57%

22 As Built GJ Air Conditioned GJ Naturally Ventilated GJ Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER as built compared to other heating/cooling strategies Materials Production Materials Transport On site construction energy Workforce Transport Intrinsic Heating / Cooling energy Functional Energy Refurbishment Energy Demolition Energy 28% 54% 34% 51% 61% 29%

23 Comparison of Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER Compared to the Air-conditioned office, ZICER recovers extra energy required in construction in under 1 year. Comparisons assume identical size, shape and orientation

24 ZICER Building Photo shows only part of top Floor Top floor is an exhibition area – also to promote PV Windows are semi transparent Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6/7 kW in 3 arrays

25 Arrangement of Cells on Facade Individual cells are connected horizontally As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected.

26 Use of PV generated energy Sometimes electricity is exported Inverters are only 91% efficient Most use is for computers DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient Need an integrated approach Peak output is 34 kW

27 Actual Situation excluding Grant Actual Situation with Grant Discount rate 3%5%7%3%5%7% Unit energy cost per kWh (£) Avoided cost exc. the Grant Avoided Costs with Grant Discount rate 3%5%7%3%5%7% Unit energy cost per kWh (£) Grant was ~ £ out of a total of ~ £ Performance of PV cells on ZICER Cost of Generated Electricity

28 Engine Generator 36% Electricity GAS 11% Flue Losses3% Radiation Losses Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP 61% Flue Losses 36% efficient

29 Engine Generator 36% Electricity 50% Heat GAS Engine heat Exchanger Exhaust Heat Exchanger 11% Flue Losses3% Radiation Losses 86% efficient Localised generation makes use of waste heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP

UEA’s Combined Heat and Power 3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat

31 Conversion efficiency improvements 1997/98 electricitygas oilTotal MWh Emission factorkg/kWh Carbon dioxideTonnes ElectricityHeat 1999/ 2000 Total site CHP generation exportimportboilersCHPoiltotal MWh Emission factor kg/kWh CO 2 Tonnes Before installation After installation This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

32 Conversion efficiency improvements Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively More electricity could be generated in summer

33 Conversion Efficiency Improvements Condenser Evaporator Throttle Valve Heat rejected Heat extracted for cooling Normal Chilling Compressor High Temperature High Pressure Low Temperature Low Pressure

34 Condenser Evaporator Throttle Valve Heat rejected Heat extracted for cooling High Temperature High Pressure Low Temperature Low Pressure Heat from external source Absorber Desorber Heat Exchanger W ~ 0 Adsorption Chilling Conversion Efficiency Improvements High Temperature High Pressure Low Temperature Low Pressure

35 A 1 MW Adsorption chiller Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP Will provide most of chilling requirements in summer Will reduce electricity demand in summer Will increase electricity generated locally Save 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually

The Future: Advanced Gasifier Biomass CHP Plant UEA has grown by over 40% since 2000 and energy demand is increasing. New Biomass Plant will provide an extra 1.4MWe, and 2MWth Will produce gas from waste wood which is then used as fuel for CHP plant Under 7 year payback rom waste wood and local sustainable sourcesLocal wood fuel from waste wood and local sustainable sources Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by a further 35%

38 Reduction with biomass Reducing Carbon Emissions at the University of East Anglia Reduction with biomass When completed the biomass station will reduce total emissions by 32% compared to 2006 and 24.5% compared to 1990

39 Target Day Results of the “Big Switch-Off” With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possible How can these be translated into long term savings?

UK Geographical Spread of CRed Community focused 148,000 pledges 45,000 people Growing at 1-2% per month

41 How many people know what 9 tonnes of CO 2 looks like? UK emissions is equivalent to 5 hot air balloons per person per year. In the developing world, the average is under 1 balloon per person On average each person causes emission of CO 2 from energy used. UK ~9 tonnes of CO 2 each year. France ~6.5 tonnes Germany ~ 10 tonnes USA ~ 20 tonnes "Nobody made a greater mistake than he who did nothing because he thought he could do only a little." Edmund Burke (1727 – 1797)

Filling up with petrol (~£45 for a full tank – 40 litres) kg of CO2 (5% of one hot air balloon) 42 Raising Awareness A tumble dryer uses 4 times as much energy as a washing machine. Using it 5 times a week will cost over £100 a year just for this appliance alone and emit over half a tonne of CO gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon. Standby on electrical appliances 60+ kWh a year balloons at a cost of over £6 per year How far does one have to drive in a small family car (e.g cc Toyota Corolla) to emit as much carbon dioxide as heating an old persons room for 1 hour? 1.6 miles At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai School children at the Al Fatah University, Tripoli, Libya

43 A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future for business 4.Renewable Energy 5.Offsetting Green Tariffs 3.Technical Measures 1.Awareness 2.Management

44 World’s First MBA in Strategic Carbon Management First cohort January 2008 A partnership between The Norwich Business School and the 5** School of Environmental Sciences Sharing the Expertise of the University

45 Conclusions Buildings built to low energy standards have cost ~ 5% more, but savings have recouped extra costs in around 5 years. Ventilation heat requirements can be large and efficient heat recovery is important. Effective adaptive energy management can reduce heating energy requirements in a low energy building by 50% or more. Photovoltaic cells need to take account of intended use of electricity use in building to get the optimum value. Building scale CHP can reduce carbon emissions significantly Adsorption chilling should be included to ensure optimum utilisation of CHP plant. Promoting Awareness can result in up to 25% savings The Future for UEA: Biomass CHP Wind Turbines?

CRed Carbon Reduction Lao Tzu ( BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher "If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading." WEBSITE This presentation is available from at above WEB Site: >> follow Academic Links