Vital Statistics: Census & Fertility Professor Michael Clarke Dept of Epidemiology & Public Health

Uses of Epidemiology J.N. Morris 1.Size of Problem 2.Historical Perspective 3.Aetiological Factors 4.Planning and Evaluating Services

Objectives Following the session, you should be able to: Outline and distinguish between the processes of birth registration and notification Discuss the main determinants of fertility in the UK over the last 30 years Define and illustrate the use of: a.The crude birth rate b.The general fertility rate c.Age-specific fertility rates

Objectives Outline the changes in fertility and mortality that have occurred in England during the last one hundred years Describe the uses and limitations of population estimates and projections

Objectives Describe the characteristics of the national census and outline the history of census taking in England List the major items of information collected in the English 1991 census and the relevance of these data to health and social services Illustrate how demographic characteristics of populations determine health and social service priorities

Birth Statistics Registration Notification

Birth Statistics 1.Registration of Births (1837) Birth to be registered within six weeks with the Registrar of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by an informant (usually the parent).

Birth Statistics 2.Notifications of Births (1907) Within 36 hours by the attendant at the delivery, to the District Medical Officer – so community services (health visitors) can be mobilised.

Birth Rate Live Births / 1000 population

Fertility Rate Live Births / 1000 female population aged

Total Period Fertility Rate “ The average number of children that would be born to a hypothetical woman if she experienced the age specific fertility rates of a given year (or period) throughout her child bearing life.” Ugh!!

E.g. England & Wales aged 16 ……. have 3, aged 17 ……. have 8, aged aged 44 Total Period Fertility Rate 1.7 N.B. There were 222 live births to women aged less than 15 yrs in 1992 in Wales Women aged 15 (301,600) have 1,090 births.0036

Fertility & Abortions in England and Wales & Selected Health Authorities TPFRTPARTPCR England & Wales Leicestershire HA Bradford HA Islington HA Tower Hamlets HA TPFR = Total Period Fertility Rate TPAR = Total Period Abortion Rate TPCR = Total Period Conception Rate

Determinants of Fertility 1.Fecundity – physiological ability to reproduce. (fertility - realisation of the potential) Increase in sterilisation & Hysterectomies 2.Sexual activityEconomic climate

Determinants of Fertility

Contraception – Current use for women aged in Great Britain, 1993 * Includes the cap, safe period, spermicides and injection

Trends in contraceptive use Family planning: changes and effects (England & Wales), M Bone 1976 Family formation survey 1976 (GB), K Dunnell 1983 General Household Survey 1983 (GB)

Determinants of Fertility 4.Abortion - 179,590 England and Wales 1997

Population Estimates & Projections Estimates Apply what is known from deaths, births, migration – to the present. Projections Future orientated given certain assumptions.

Population Estimates – E.g. Leicestershire Census Base 1989Migration excess inflow over outflow +23.8excess births over deaths 892.0

Actual & Projected Live Births, England and Wales Low variant Principal High variant Actual

Actual & Projected Live Births, England and Wales Actual High variant Principal Low variant

The Decennial Census A census is (United Nations definition) ‘the simultaneous recording of demographic data by the government at a particular time, pertaining to all persons who live in a particular territory’

Therefore a census is: Run by government Covers a defined area Personal enumeration (or a person in each household) Simultaneous Universal Regular intervals (10 yrs England & Wales)

The census describes Households and People See 1991 specimen form in Handbook

Census data provides information of value to health workers: 1.Population structure, young, old, very old, ethnic minorities, household amenities – which in turn determine the structure of services. 2.Base populations for the calculation of fertility and mortality rates. 3.Deprivation measures e.g. DoE Index unemployment, overcrowding, lone pensioners, single parents, born in the new commonwealth, lacking basic amenities

Europe: population by age and sex, Population (000s) > MaleFemale

Europe: population by age and sex, Population (000s) > MaleFemale

Europe: population by age and sex, Population (000s) > MaleFemale

Population of Asians and Non-Asians in Leicester in Percentage Females Males AsiansNon Asians

Projected sub-populations in Leicester in Percentage Females Males AsiansNon Asians