Welcome! Please get out objectives #21-25 for a stamp. Add new insights with a different colored pen!

Let’s set the stage! Brainstorm: Niger vs. Netherlands Why are developing nations growing and developed nations shrinking?

Demographics continued: Finding solutions/stabilizing populations

Slowing population growth – addressing underlying issues The big 5: Better nutrition Better sanitation Better health care Girl’s education Women’s economic opportunities When countries take care of these five things, birth rates drop. Which of these address IMR? Why would that help reduce births?

Family Planning program components Information about birth control/contraception

Family planning program components Information about spacing/timing of children At least two years Allows mother to recuperate Infant gets attention Information about nursing Antibodies passed to infant Reduces mother’s fertility

Family Planning Program components Basic health care – vaccinations Importance of clean water Nutrition Prenatal Infant and child Remember the India video – woman talking to mom with 8 kids about vaccinations? She was a family planning specialist

Two countries, two strategies India – World’s first family planning program China – One family one child policy

India’s program 1952 Family planning components Sterilizations no longer emphasized Emphasis on education on birth control, health care

Why only a boy? Are these not girls? Family planning poster – what underlying need is this addressing (boy preference to care for elderly parents) As long as people have a logical reason to have more kids, they will. The motivations for having more children must be addressed. SHOW THESE QUICKLY – DON”T SPEND TIME HERE!

Compare these scenes – what is the publisher trying to convey?

English translation: For a healthy family, wait three years before your second child. You can get these family-planning methods from government health workers, hospitals, and health centers for free.

So why isn’t it working better? Limited success: extreme poverty, low status of women, program inefficiencies

Two countries, two strategies TFR – 2.5 1.5% growth rate IMR 50 Life expectancy 65/63 Literacy 74%/88% Woman’s death in childbirth 230/100,000 Married by 18 yrs: 47% TFR – 1.5 .5% growth rate IMR 17 Life expectancy 77/72 Literacy 99%/99% Woman’s death in childbirth 38/100,000 Married by 18 yrs: -- What do TFR and IMR stand for? Which of these

China – one family, one child Incentives to one child families Birth of second child revokes incentives Intensive family planning Exceptions Incentives – families with one child get better housing options, more vacation time from work, higher pay scale, free health care for the child. There is NO penalty for having a second child, but all the incentives are removed. Govt doesn’t remove second child or jail family or fine them. Exceptions – multiple births (but with no fertility treatments, twins are rare); if a child is born with severe mental or physical handicap and probably can’t support aging parents; some rural areas offer exceptions to help on farm; some ethnic minorities are allowed to have more than one child; if a child is killed at a very young age in an accident

China’s Drop in TFR Grassroots movement Women’s education and economic opportunity Focus on sanitation, nutrition, health care Grassroots – when policy first set up, govt identified neighborhood leaders, taught them about the program and had the leaders explain it. Much better reception than having a govt official come in to tell people what to do. Same year that the program was launched, China started actively educating young girls (reading writing math). Educated girls can do other work – don’t have to marry early and have a man take care of them.

One child prosperous life What do these campaign posters suggest? SHOW THESE QUICKLY – DON”T SPEND TIME HERE

It is better to marry and have children later

Humanitarian and societal concerns regarding China’s policy Male to female ratio Little Emperor Syndrome/4-2-1 problem

“China has too many bachelors” by Tyjen Tsai Jan 2012 “China's "one-child" population policy has resulted in a number of unique demographic events and transitions, including an imbalance of the sex ratio at birth. Millions of "extra" boys have been born: Already, 41 million bachelors will not have women to marry. If nothing is done to change this trend, Poston noted, by 2020 there will be 55 million extra boys in China.”

The sex ratio at birth in several countries today is out of balance, due to four factors: rapid fertility transition, son preference, available technology to determine the sex of the fetus, and physical and cultural ease of access to abortion. The rapid pace of fertility transition has given China little time to change a cultural norm of favoring sons.

A sex ratio at birth of 105 males for every 100 females is average A sex ratio at birth of 105 males for every 100 females is average. There are slight differences in trends and patterns, by year, by age of mother, live birth order, and race/ethnicity of the mother. "The reason you need 105 boys—and this is perhaps a demographic universal—is because of the longevity, the survival advantage that women have," Poston said. "So by the time they marry, there's a balance." The sex ratio at birth in China is 120 males per 100 females.

“Little emperor syndrome” or the 4-2-1 problem Focused attention of six adults on one child has lead to some selfish behaviors. No one has siblings. No one is forced to learn how to share in the home. Sociologists aren’t sure what this will lead to

Long-term care for the elderly, traditionally provided at home in China by adult children (especially by daughters-in-law), will become increasingly less feasible in coming decades when parents of the first generation of the one-child policy start reaching old age and retiring. These singletons will face the need to care for two parents and often four grandparents without siblings with whom to share the responsibility, a problem sometimes referred to in China as the "4-2-1 problem."

Slowing population growth – addressing underlying issues: How do India and China compare? The big 5: Better nutrition Better sanitation Better health care Girl’s education Women’s economic opportunities When countries take care of these five things, birth rates drop. Which of these address IMR? Why would that help reduce births?