Chapter 33: Globalization in the New Millennium

Warm Up 1.Why does America back guerilla movements in Central and South America? 2.Who brings China economic greatness? 3.How does he do so? 4.Leader of the Soviet Union in 1985: 5.Two of his reforms: 6.Why does the UN step in in Kuwait? 7.What is Malthus’ argument and how do we see it in play today?

Global Economic and Political Currents A.Interconnected Economy 1. Impact of September 11, 2001: Wake of 9/11 rate of growth in world trade fell from 13% in 2000 to 1% in US economy was the largest economy in the world 2. Economic growth in China and India: large population indicate they will be future world economic powers. 3. Demand for oil in 1999: 20 dollars a barrel 4. Demand for oil in 2006: 70 dollars a barrel (today 54 dollars a barrel)

11- attacks/videos/9 11-timeline

5. Many countries formed free trade zones— European Union (EU) and NAFTA EU: European Union is a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The EU operates through a system of supranational institutions and intergovernmental negotiated decisions by the member states. NAFTA: is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral rules- based trade bloc in North America. Shanghai Cooperation Organization was formed in 2001 – Countries: China, Russia, 4 former USSR regions – Purpose: collective security and reduce trade barriers and migration

7. Purpose of the WTO and IMF WTO: World Trade Organization was founded in 1995 to reduce trade barriers and enforce international trade agreements. IMF: International Monetary Fund provides assistance to countries in economic troubles. 8. Impact after the Cold War: aid to poor nations fell but world leaders have pledged to do more to help the world’s poorest nations especially in Africa.

B. Globalization and Democracy 1. Democracy throughout the world has increased. 2. In 2003, 140 countries held regular elections 3. Appeal of democracy: it allows for the peaceful resolution of differences among countries social, cultural, and regional groups. Reduces threat of war between democratic nations 4. Democratic institutions gained ground in eastern Europe and in Russia during the last decade.

5. BJP in India: (Bharatiya Janata Party) increased tensions between Hindus and Muslims. 2004, BJP lost a national election to Congress Party and handed over power of India 6. Elections in Africa (except South Africa): been used by would be dictators as the first step to establish political and military dominance.

C. Regime Change in Iraq and Afghanistan 1. US involvement in Iraq: target by the US because of the belief that Iraq and Saddam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction and were harboring and fostering terrorists. 2. US involvement in Afghanistan: target by the US because of the belief that the Taliban and Osama bin Laden were harboring there. 3. Hamid Karzai was elected interim president in 2002 in Afghanistan

(Today Mohammad Ashraf Ghani is the leader of Afganistan) (Today Fuad Masum is the leader of Iraq) : Afghanistan's first democratically elected president

5. Problems in Afghanistan: government has not proven strong enough to control warlords in areas and continually fights the Taliban to regain power. The majority of their income comes from opium production. 6. March 20, 2003: US began their strike against Iraq. President Bush stated that the reason for the invasion was to liberate the Iraqi people from oppression and install democracy. Bush announcement on Iraq:

8. January 2005 in Iraq: 1 st constitutionally elected government but enduring guerilla insurgency 9. Shi-ite and Sunni impact in Iraq: conflict continues verging on a civil war 10. Hezbollah in Lebanon: Shi-ite militant and political organization gaining majority of seats in the Lebanese parliament. 11. Hamas in Palestine: designed terrorist organization who gained majority of seats in the Palestine Governing Council.

II. Trends and Visions A. Faith and Politics 1. Conservative opposition in the US included: abortion, homosexuality, marriage of priests, admission of women into priesthood. 2. Israel withdraws from Gaza in 2005 and plans to withdraw from parts of the West Bank. 3. Hindu zealots made BJP party a powerful political force Gaza Strip:

in Iran: Birth of the Islamic Republic in Iran made the current Muslim assertiveness visible to all 5. Usama bin Laden and al-Qaeda: Saudi-born leader of al-Qaeda and has sponsored attacks on American embassies in Kenya, attacks on the USS Cole, World Trade Center, and the Pentagon 6. Impact of al-Qaeda on the Muslim world: the increasing violence has many peaceful Muslims worried and they find themselves suspect because of their beliefs.

B. Universal Rights and Values 1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948: sought to protect rights of individuals; derived from European and American viewpoints which make some counties skeptic. 2. Violations of Human Rights: Torture, imprisonment without a trial, execution by death squad, famine. 3. US View on International Criminal Court: US citizens should be exempt from International jurisdiction

4. US view of prisoners during the “war on terrorism”: did not have to be treated in accordance with the Geneva Convention 5. Kyoto Agreement: Agreement by developed nations to reduce greenhouse emissions. US withdraws from agreement and brings charges of hypocrisy on America C. Women’s Rights 1. Feminist movement in the west was concerned with: voting rights, equal access to education, end to gender discrimination, and sexual freedom.

2. Nonwestern women concerned with: morality and family life, oppression of women, struggle for women’s rights internationally 3. Goals that promise to lead to better gender equality: increasing women education, better employment opportunities, political participation, control of fertility. III. Global Culture A. The Media and the Message 1. Nonwestern government control of media: government monopolies ensured that national news would be unified in their message.

2. CNN and Al-Jazeera: CNN-American news organization with the American viewpoint. Al-Jazeera-based in Persian Gulf interprets news about the middle east from their perspective.

3. Internet first transformed business and education B. The Spread of Pop Culture 1. Invention of the phonograph opened pop culture around the world. 2. Impact of mass production and advertising on the world market: international goods and cultures are in markets throughout the world. C. Emerging Global Culture 1. Examples of globalization at the elite level: space missions, technology researchers, collaboration in the business world 2. English is the global language

3. Impact of a global language: emergence of an international literature in English. 4. Western universities have become the model for higher education around the world. D. Enduring Cultural Diversity 1. Impact of the economic success of Asia: calls into question the long standing assumption that all of the best notions we instill emerge in the west.