Chapter 1 Human Body Orientation

Anatomy Study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another Gross Anatomy – studying large body structures – easy to see Microscopic anatomy – studying small parts of the body – microscopic Ex. Cells and tissues Study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another Gross Anatomy – studying large body structures – easy to see Microscopic anatomy – studying small parts of the body – microscopic Ex. Cells and tissues

Physiology The study of how the body and its parts work or function Neurophysiology – explain how the nervous system works Cardiac physiology – studies the function of the heart The study of how the body and its parts work or function Neurophysiology – explain how the nervous system works Cardiac physiology – studies the function of the heart

Anatomy and physiology are always related. The parts form a well organized unit. Structure determines function. Anatomy and physiology are always related. The parts form a well organized unit. Structure determines function.

Levels of Structural Oranization Atoms  molecules  cells  Tissue  organ  organ system  organism Molecules – water Cell – smallest unit of living things Tissue – groups of cells with similar functions Organ – structure composed of 2+ tissues Atoms  molecules  cells  Tissue  organ  organ system  organism Molecules – water Cell – smallest unit of living things Tissue – groups of cells with similar functions Organ – structure composed of 2+ tissues

Figure 1.1

Chapter 3 Body Tissues

Four Types: Epithelium – covering Connective – support Nervous – control Muscle - movement Epithelium – covering Connective – support Nervous – control Muscle - movement

Epithelial tissue Lines and covers all free body surfaces

Functions Protection Absorption Filtration secretion Protection Absorption Filtration secretion

Special Characteristics of Epithelium Fit closely together to form sheets One surface or edge is free and the other attaches to a basement membrane No blood supply Regenerate easily Fit closely together to form sheets One surface or edge is free and the other attaches to a basement membrane No blood supply Regenerate easily

Classification of Epithelium Two Names 1.Number of cell layers a.Simple – one b.Stratified – 1+ Two Names 1.Number of cell layers a.Simple – one b.Stratified – 1+

2.Shape a. Squamous – flattened like fish scales b. Cuboidal – cube shape c. Columnar – shaped like columns 2.Shape a. Squamous – flattened like fish scales b. Cuboidal – cube shape c. Columnar – shaped like columns

Simple Squamous

Connective Tissue Connects body parts Found everywhere Functions – protection, support, binding together Connects body parts Found everywhere Functions – protection, support, binding together

Special Characteristics of Connective Tissue Variations in blood supply Extra-cellular matrix Matrix – secreted by the cells - non-living substances Ex. – blood, fat, bone Variations in blood supply Extra-cellular matrix Matrix – secreted by the cells - non-living substances Ex. – blood, fat, bone

Muscle Tissue Highly specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement Types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth Highly specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement Types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Nervous Tissue Neurons Highly specialized to receive and transmit impulses Neurons Highly specialized to receive and transmit impulses

The Eleven Organ Systems

1. Integumentary System – Skin – Covers the body Functions – a. Waterproofs b. Cushions and protects c. Perspiration – excretes salts and urea d. Regulates body temperature e. Temperature, pressure, pain receptors Functions – a. Waterproofs b. Cushions and protects c. Perspiration – excretes salts and urea d. Regulates body temperature e. Temperature, pressure, pain receptors

Organs – hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands (oil)

2. Skeletal System Functions – a. Support – store minerals b. Framework for muscles – aids movement c. Protective – ex. Skull d. Hematopoiesis – formation of blood cells Functions – a. Support – store minerals b. Framework for muscles – aids movement c. Protective – ex. Skull d. Hematopoiesis – formation of blood cells

Organs – bones, ligaments, joints and cartilage

3. Muscular System Functions –Muscles contract and cause movement –Primary source of body heat Organs – Skeletal muscles Functions –Muscles contract and cause movement –Primary source of body heat Organs – Skeletal muscles

4. Nervous System Fast acting control system Functions – allows the body to respond to irritants and stimuli Organs – brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs Fast acting control system Functions – allows the body to respond to irritants and stimuli Organs – brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs

5. Endocrine System Functions a.Controls body activities – slow b.Produces chemical molecules – Hormones c.Hormones released in blood and travel to distant organs d.Hormones control growth, reproduction and food Functions a.Controls body activities – slow b.Produces chemical molecules – Hormones c.Hormones released in blood and travel to distant organs d.Hormones control growth, reproduction and food

6. Cardiovascular System Functions a.Blood vessels, transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste Organs – heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood Blood vessels are in red Functions a.Blood vessels, transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste Organs – heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood Blood vessels are in red

7.Lymphatic System (Immune System) Complements the cardiovascular system Functions – returns fluid leaked from the blood to the blood vessels Organs – lymph fluids, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen Complements the cardiovascular system Functions – returns fluid leaked from the blood to the blood vessels Organs – lymph fluids, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

Lymph nodes Cleanses blood Houses cells involved in immunity Cleanses blood Houses cells involved in immunity

8. Respiratory System Functions a.Keeps body supplied with oxygen b.Removes carbon dioxide Organs: nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Lungs- tiny air sacs where gas exchange with the blood occurs Functions a.Keeps body supplied with oxygen b.Removes carbon dioxide Organs: nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Lungs- tiny air sacs where gas exchange with the blood occurs

9. Digestive System Tube from mouth to anus Functions: a. Breaks down food b. Products to the blood for dispersal Tube from mouth to anus Functions: a. Breaks down food b. Products to the blood for dispersal

Organs Mouth, esophagus, stomach, Intestines (small and large), rectum Liver – produces bile to break down fats Pancreas – digestive enzymes for small intestines Mouth, esophagus, stomach, Intestines (small and large), rectum Liver – produces bile to break down fats Pancreas – digestive enzymes for small intestines

10. Urinary System Functions – a. Removes nitrogen wastes from the blood, exits body through urine b. Maintains the balance of water, salt, acid-base Organs – kidneys, ureters, bladder urethra Functions – a. Removes nitrogen wastes from the blood, exits body through urine b. Maintains the balance of water, salt, acid-base Organs – kidneys, ureters, bladder urethra

11. Reproductive System Male – sperm – testes Organs – scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system Male – sperm – testes Organs – scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system

Female – eggs – ovary Organs – uterine tubes, uterus, vagina Female – eggs – ovary Organs – uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

Maintaining Life

The highly organized human body does: 1.Maintains boundaries 2.Responds to environmental changes – Irritability 3.Takes in and digests nutrients 4.Carry out metabolism 5.Dispose of wastes 6.Reproduce 7.Grow 1.Maintains boundaries 2.Responds to environmental changes – Irritability 3.Takes in and digests nutrients 4.Carry out metabolism 5.Dispose of wastes 6.Reproduce 7.Grow

The highly organized human body is able to carry out the 7 characteristics.

The Seven Characteristics of Life 1.Maintaining Boundaries – cell membrane Body System - Integumentary 1.Maintaining Boundaries – cell membrane Body System - Integumentary

2.Movement Body System – muscular system 2.Movement Body System – muscular system

3.Responsiveness or Irritability (sense changes and respond) Body System – Nervous System 3.Responsiveness or Irritability (sense changes and respond) Body System – Nervous System

4.A. Digestion Body system - Digestive 4.A. Digestion Body system - Digestive

B.Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body Body Systems – Digestive, Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Endocrine B.Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body Body Systems – Digestive, Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Endocrine

5.Excretion Body System – Digestive and Urinary 5.Excretion Body System – Digestive and Urinary

6.Reproduction Body System – Reproductive 7. Growth 6.Reproduction Body System – Reproductive 7. Growth

Survival Needs of the Human Body Goal of the body systems – Maintain Life 1. Nutrients (food) 2. Oxygen 3. Water 4. Appropriate Temperature 5. Atmospheric Pressure Goal of the body systems – Maintain Life 1. Nutrients (food) 2. Oxygen 3. Water 4. Appropriate Temperature 5. Atmospheric Pressure

Homeostasis The ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions Homeo – same Statis – standing still Happens when the body has its needs meet and is functioning smoothly The ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions Homeo – same Statis – standing still Happens when the body has its needs meet and is functioning smoothly

The Language of Anatomy

A set of terms that allows body structures to be located and identified clearly with a few words

Anatomical Position Standard reference point

Regional Terms The many visible landmarks on the surface of the body The many visible landmarks on the surface of the body

Figure 1.6a

Figure 1.6b

Figure 1.6c

Figure 1.7

Directional Terms Used to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another

The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

The ________ is ___________ between the ________ and _____________. The ________ is ___________ to the _____________. The ________ is ___________ between the ________ and _____________.

The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.

Body Planes

The End