Biochemical Cells Tissues Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous Organs Examples include stomach, liver, heart Organ Systems Their purpose is to maintain homeostasis

Epithelial Covering or lining Connective Joins, stores and supports Muscle Internal and external movement Nerve Conducts electrical signals Blood Muscle Nerve

SkeletalMuscular CirculatoryImmune (Lymphatic) RespiratoryDigestive ExcretoryReproductive NervousEndocrine Integumentary

Functions: Framework and support Protection Storage

Sternum Skull Clavicle Ribs Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

Functions Movement Warmth Posture Muscle Properties Ability to contract Ability to be stretched Ability to respond to a stimulus Muscle Types Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

Deltoid Pectoralis major Biceps brachi Gluteus maximus Rectus femoris Gastrocnemius

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Myosin Actin Sarcomere

Transports nutrients, gases, wastes, water, and hormones and also distributes heat Structures of circulatory system Heart Vessels Blood

Anterior view Aorta Pulmonary artery Left atrium Mitral Valve Left Ventricle Superior vena cava Right atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle

Lymphatic system purpose: Collects loose blood and returns it to circulatory system Filters out pathogens from blood Nonspecific defense responses Skin and mucous membranes Inflammatory response Temperature White blood cells Specific immune responses To bacteria and viruses Lymphatic system parts: Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen

Respiration is gas exchange between an organism and the environment Respiratory structures include: the nose, pharynx, larynx, lungs (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli) Mechanics of Breathing Negative pressure Respiratory Diseases Exhalation Inhalation

Nasal Passage Pharynx Trachea Bronchus Larynx Bronchioles Alveoli

Purpose: breakdown of nutrients to a level that can be absorbed and used by cells of the body. Structures gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine) Accessory (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas)

Villi Mouth Liver Pharynx Stomach Large Intestine Small Intestine Esophagus

Excretion is the removal of metabolic wastes from the body, including toxic chemicals, excess water, and salts. Excretory Organs Skin Kidneys

Nephron Kidney Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra Kidney

Purpose: produce and carry offspring Produces gametes (eggs and sperm) Fertilization – produce zygote Male Reproductive System Testes Epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, Cowper’s gland Female Reproductive System Ovary Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

Urinary bladder Vas deferens Prostate gland Urethra Penis Seminal vesicle Epididymus Testis

Sagittal View Anterior View Fallopian tube Ovary Uterus Vagina Uterus Vagina Fallopian tube Urinary bladder

Purpose: produce hormones, which are chemical messengers of the body that travel in the blood steram Parts: Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovary, testes

Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland Thyroid and Parathyroid glands Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Ovary Testis

Purpose: Communicates specifically between two parts of the body Does so by transmitting electrical signals via neurons Nervous System is in two parts Central Nervous System (brain, spinal cord) Peripheral Nervous System (nerves) Somatic nervous functions require thought or reflexes Autonomic nervous functions are involuntary/automatic

Dendrite Axon terminals Cell body Axon Myelin sheath Node of Ranvier

Cerebrum Corpus callosum Cerebellum Thalamus Hypothalamus Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord

Purpose: excretion, temperature control, general defense, sensing Consists of the skin, hair, and nails Skin Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous tissue Hair and nails

Homeostasis is the process where the body keeps internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external conditions

A controlled, stable internal environment Gains and losses must balance Control systems Receptor, control center, effector Feedback loops Negative feedback (a.k.a. feedback inhibition) Positive feedback

Feedback inhibition (negative feedback) – a process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus.

The cellular environment responds to feedback from its own activities by switching on and off as needed. The part of the brain that works like a thermostat to regulate and maintain many functions of homeostasis is the hypothalamus.

The hypothalamus does this by sending chemical messages that either speed up or slow down cellular activity.

Example of positive feedback is lactation.

Blood sugar Calcium Temperature Blood pressure Oxygen Water balance

Create a visual product explaining the process of stimulus and response Focus on homeostasis and feedback inhibition and positive feedback Also, design an experiment that examines if feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis

Purpose: to determine if a stimulus increase adrenaline in the blood Independent variable: pre-rated scary scenes Dependent variable: adrenaline levels in the blood Study group: 100 x 16 year-olds (50 male, 50 female) Hypothesis: