Body Systems: Skeletal and Muscular

Levels of Organization ~ Organ Systems

We have a lot in common with Mr. Frog…“Like what?” you say…….. FrogsHumans Eukaryotes Multi-cellular Eukaryotes Heterotrophic Multi-cellular Heterotrophic

Taxonomy (Compare to yourself to Mr. Frog) FrogsHumans Domain—Eukarya Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Amphibia Order—Anura Family—Ranidae Genus— Rana or Hyla Species— (many) Domain—Eukarya Kingdom—Animalia Phylum—Chordata Class—Mammalia Order—Primate Family—Hominidae Genus—Homo Species—Sapiens

Skeletal System

Skeletal– Functions (jobs) 1. Gives shape and support 2. Movement 3. Protects internal organs 4. Makes blood cells 5. Stores calcium and other minerals.

Skeletal– Structures (parts) Marrow- the inner part of the bone that makes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets Ligaments- tissue that connects one bone to another bone Cartilage- flexible connective tissue that is found on the ends of bones to reduce friction

Joints—Where 2 bones meet Immoveable (fixed)- does not move (skull) Pivot- movement around a point (neck) Ball and Socket- allows 360 degree motion (shoulder and hip) Hinge- allows for open and close motion (knees and elbows Sliding- bones glide past one another (hands and feet) What did one bone say to the other bone? Will you be “jointing” me tonight for dinner? LOL

How about Mr. Frog? Does he have a skeleton? Frog Human YES!!!! How is Mr. Frog’s skeleton similar to ours? We both have a skull, ulna, radius, humerus, tibia, fibula and more….

Do all animals have a skeleton like ours? ScorpionSea Urchin Sting ray Nautilus Nope! Not this guy! His skeleton is an exoskeleton (it is on the outside of his body) Not this one either. His skeleton is an endoskeleton, but much different than ours. Not him either! Although he has an endoskeleton, it is still much different than ours. Nope! At least he has a backbone like us.

Homologous (similar) Structures of other organisms

Homeostasis—Balance in the Body How does the skeletal system maintain balance in the body? It maintains the calcium levels in the blood.

Stimulus / Response Give an example of internal and external stimulus and response. 1.Internal Stimulus: muscles need calcium Response: calcium leaves the bones and goes to the bloodstream to get to the muscles 1.Internal Stimulus: muscles need calcium Response: calcium leaves the bones and goes to the bloodstream to get to the muscles 2. External Stimulus: bone is fractured Response: bones cells and blood begin rebuilding the fractured bone 2. External Stimulus: bone is fractured Response: bones cells and blood begin rebuilding the fractured bone

Systems working together 1. Skeletal and Circulatory2. Skeletal and Muscular Bone marrow makes red and white blood cells and platelets. Muscles contract and relax to make the bones move.

Disorders Osteoporosis -- weakening of bone due to loss of calcium. Usually in old age.

Disorder: Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a disorder that is most common in women as they get older. It is the weakening of bones. People with osteoporosis can easily break their bones. YEAH! Men CAN and DO still get it, though, but the hormones that women produce make them more susceptible to it. Even if you don’t like milk, you should aim to get calcium-rich foods into your diet… such as yogurt, cheese, calcium pills, and dark green veggies like broccoli or spinach. Besides calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D are nutrients that are also vital in making your bones strong and healthy.

Our Incredible Skeleton Incredible Skeleton Stories

Muscular System --Functions 1. Stability and Posture 2. Motion 3. Heat Production 4. Circulation 5. Digestion

3 Types of Muscles Voluntary (control) or Involuntary (no control)?? Cardiac Muscle- muscle found in the heart Skeletal Muscle- muscle attached to your bones and helps you move Smooth Muscle- lines organs such as blood vessels, stomach and digestive tract.

How are our muscles attached to our bones? Tendons attach our muscle to our bones.

The skeletal system and the muscular system work together for movement Try this out on your own arm. Bend it. Which muscle is “bulging” or shortening? Which one is lengthening? Straighten it. Now, which muscle is “bulging” or shortening? And lenghthening?

Muscles help us do WORK. What is work and when is it really done? Work is done when force is applied over a distance. In which picture is work being done? Force Distance

Structures/Types of Muscle, contd. Skeletal muscles that move your body around come in two varieties: flexors and extensors. Flexors and extensors usually work in pairs, as seen here: i. flexor – bends a joint (biceps) ii. extensor – straightens a joint (triceps) biceps bends the arm triceps straightens it

Involuntary Muscles (not in our control) Food digestion Circulation

How about Mr. Frog? Does he have muscles that help him move like us? Frog Human YES!!!!

How do other organisms move? Muscular Contractions Jet Propulsion and Muscular Contractions Muscular Contractions Jet Propulsion

Homeostasis—Internal balance in the Body Give an example of how the Muscular system maintains balance. 1. The muscles in your body keep your blood flowing and breathing going at whatever rate your body needs at the moment. 2. they allow you to digest food, eliminate certain wastes, and can even warm your body up.

Stimulus / Response Give an example of internal and external stimulus and response. Internal stimulus- Pituitary Gland releases hormones Response- muscles get larger or gaining muscle External stimulus- Someone stepping on your foot Response- pull away or flinch

Disorders There are many reasons why someone would be confined to a wheelchair. Brain or nerve damage (paralysis) could be one, but another genetic birth defect that affects thousands around the country is muscular dystrophy. Muscular dystrophy is a disease where a person’s muscles weaken after birth and the sick have little control over them. Over time, people with M.D. will often end up in wheelchairs as their muscles fail them. Their minds are completely healthy, though. No cure currently exists for this disease. The MDA (Jerry’s Kids) is the most prominent charity searching for a cure.

Muscular System Video