Trading Patterns - Reformation

Major Trading Patterns  Silk Road – overland trade route that carried goods from the Mediterranean cultures across Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia to China and back  Maritime Routes (Indian Ocean) – brought Chinese products by sea to destinations around the Indian Ocean and beyond

Major Trading Patterns  Trans-Saharan Routes – trade of gold and salt  Mediterranean Trade Network – linked up with the Silk Road, Indian Ocean, and Trans- Saharan Routes to distribute products to Mediterranean ports (connected Europe to North Africa, Byzantine Empire, and Muslim Empires)

TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE ROUTE

Renaissance  Definition – period of rebirth and creativity  Humanism - Study of classical culture & focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues (differed from Middle Ages – focus was on salvation and the church)

Renaissance  Italian Renaissance - stressed education and revival of classical themes  Northern Renaissance - stressed education and the revival of classical themes + religious and moral reform

World Religions (Judaism)  Founder – Abraham  Holy Book – Torah  Main Beliefs – Ten Commandments (moral and religious conduct)  Location in 1500 – Europe and Middle East  Location Today – North America and Israel

World Religions (Christianity)  Founder – Jesus  Holy Book – Bible  Main Beliefs – Jesus is the Son of God, life after death, New Testament (life of Jesus)  Location in 1500 – Europe and Middle East  Location Today – North America, South America, and Europe

World Religions (Islam)  Founder – Muhammad  Holy Book – Quran  Main Beliefs – Muhammad (prophet) & Five Pillars + Mecca & Medina (holy cities)  Location in 1500 – Southeastern Europe, North Africa, and Asia  Location Today – Asia, North Africa, and Middle East

World Religions (Hinduism)  Founder – N/A  Holy Book – Vedas and Upanishads  Main Beliefs – Caste System, Reincarnation, Karma, and Dharma  Location in 1500 – India & Southeast Asia  Location Today - India

World Religions (Buddhism)  Founder – Siddhartha Gautama  Holy Book – N/A  Main Beliefs – Four Noble Truths, Reincarnation, Karma, Dharma, Eightfold Path  Location in 1500 – East and Southeast Asia  Location Today – East and Southeast Asia

Reformation (Four Major Problems)  Great Schism  Usury (supported by merchants/opposed by the Church)  Italian Domination (German and English Nationalism)  Corruption (Indulgences)

Martin Luther  Major Issue – sale of indulgences  Actions – created 95 Theses (arguments against indulgences) and posted them on the door of Wittenberg’s All Saints Church – believed indulgences had no basis in the Bible  Salvation – Faith Alone (only needed to believe to get to heaven)  Views about the Bible – only source of religious truth (do not need a priest to interpret it for you)

Martin Luther  Luther’s Church 1. Priests and church hierarchy do not have special power 2. “Priesthood of all Believers” – we all have equal access to God through faith and the Bible (do not need priests)

John Calvin  Bible – only source of religious truth  Salvation – predestination (god had long ago determined who would gain salvation – saints and sinners)  Church Hierarchy – theocracy (government run by church leaders)  Religious Practices – hard work, discipline, honesty, morality, etc… (want people to believe that you are among the saints)

English Reformation  Henry VIII – Defender of the Faith (attacked Luther for the Catholic Church) + Broke with Rome (wanted a male heir)  Anglican Church (Elizabeth I) + Act of Supremacy – made king or queen of England head of the Church + took land and wealth from Catholic Church in England

English Reformation Queen Elizabeth  Helped to create the Anglican Church  Called for the end to persecution of Catholics so that there was religious tolerance in England  Expanded the navy and established colonies  British navy defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588

Impact of Reformation  Peace of Augsburg – allowed German princes to select religion (protestant or catholic)  Thirty Years’ War – Holy Roman Emperor wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism (war between Protestants and Catholics) + Germany remained divided  Anglican Church – Church of England  Edict of Nantes – religious freedom for French Protestants (Huguenots)

Catholic Reformation  Jesuits – seek out and punish heretics + spread Catholic Faith  Inquisition – enforce Catholic doctrine/punish heretics  Successful – stopped spread of Protestantism and some came back to the Catholic Church

Changing Cultural Values, Traditions, and Philosophies  Growth of Secularism (opposite of religious), individualism (humanism), and religious tolerance  No longer a unified Church in Europe (multiple Christian groups)

Printing Press  Invented by Guttenberg  Bible – first book printed  Books became cheaper/knowledge increased