Ch 8- Photosynthesis Animation Quiz - Calvin Cycle Photosynthesis Visualizing Electron Transport Where do plants get the energy they need to produce food? What type of organism makes their own food? What type of organism obtains energy from foods they consume? ATP (adenosine triphosphate)- basic energy source of all cells, chemical compound that cells use to store and release energy Adenine, 5- carbon sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups

How is the energy that is stored in ATP released? ADP (adenosine diphosphatte)- chemical compound similar to ATP, but has two phosphate groups Key for storing energy How is the energy that is stored in ATP released? Chemical bond between second and third phosphate group is broken Because of the characteristics of ATP, it is an exceptional source of energy

Sec 2- Photosynthesis: An Overview Photosynthesis- series of reactions that uses light energy from sun to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O→ C₆H₁₂O₆+ 6 O₂ Plants use the sugars to produce complex carbohydrates- starches In addition to water and carbon dioxide, it requires light and chlorophyll, molecule in chloroplasts

Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called pigments Several types of pigments which include; chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanothophylls Chlorophyll- principal light absorbing pigment Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b Absorbs light very well in certain regions of visible spectrum, green light is reflected Carotene- red and orange pigments, absorbs light Chlorophyll b is an accessory pigment that assists in capturing light Carotenoids are also a accessory pigment that absorbs colors the chlorophylls do not

Sec 3- Reactions in Photosynthesis Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts Thylakoids- sac-like photosynthetic membranes inside chloroplasts Arrange in stacks known as grana Proteins in thylakoids organize chlorophyll into photosystems – 2 types of photosystems 2 types of reactions in photosystems- light dependent reactions and light independent reactions= Calvin cycle Light dependent reactions-thylakoid membranes Calvin cycle= stroma, a region outside thylakoid membranes

Electron Carriers Sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll= great deal of energy Electron carriers transport high energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules NADPᶧ- carrier molecule that accepts and holds 2 high energy electrons along with hydrogen ion Converts NADPᶧ into NADPH Allows energy of sunlight to be trapped in chemical form High energy electrons used to build molecules for cell

Light Dependent Reactions Requires light Converts ADP and NADPᶧ into ATP and NADPH and produces oxygen Steps of light dependent reaction Light is absorbed by electrons in photosystem II Are electrons ever used up? Where do the electrons come from? High energy electrons move through electron transport chain to photosystem I Photosystem I reenergizes electrons released. Electrons are used to form NADPH Positively charged hydrogen ions fill up thylakoid membrane Hydrogen ions pass through ATP synthase, ADP is converted into ATP

Calvin Cycle Plants use energy that ATP and NADPH contain to build high energy compounds Does not require light, known as light- independent reactions Steps of Calvin cycle CO₂ enters the cycle, 6 carbon dioxide molecules combined with six 5 carbon molecules to form twelve 3- carbon molecules ATP and NADPH are used to convert twelve carbon molecules into higher energy forms Two 3 carbon molecules removed from cycle to form sugars, lipids, amino acids 10 remaining 3- carbon molecules converted into six 5- carbon molecules- used in next cycle Plants use sugars to build cellulose

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Factors include water, temperature, and intensity of light How are plants found in Arizona different from plants in Kansas? Photosynthesis functions best between 0° and 35° C Increasing the light intensity increase the rate of photosynthesis, the level of intensity varies among plants