Biology – study of life Bio =life

Make observations and perform studies to better understand the world and make useful predictions about the future.

How do you know there is a problem. What is it that you don’t like Did the experiment support the hypothesis Write or chart what happened Perform your hypothesis Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 5Step 4 Step 6 Make ObservationsState the ProblemForm a Hypothesis Make a ConclusionRecord &Analyze Experiment UV radiation causes sunburn Expose 2 UV sensitive beads to UV after coating one bead with sun block Yes sun block reduces UV exposure Sunburn leads to skin cancer If I use sunblock then I won’t get as much UV radiation time no block block

Hypothesis vs. Scientific Theory Scientific theory vs. common theory Scientific Law -

When experiments are repeatable by others and additional experiments are used to challenge the finding, but they continue to support the hypothesis, the scientific community elevates the hypothesis to the level of Scientific Theory. After numerous challenges and rigorous experiments testing the Scientific Theory continue to support the theory it is elevated to the level of Scientific Law ex. All living things are composed of cells.

Safety Process Precautions tools

1,000 kilo 100 hecto 10 deca 1 (base unit) meter, liter,or gram 1/10 deci 1/100 centi 1/1000 milli When going from a large unit to a small unit the decimal point moves to the right (this gives you a larger number). Measurement – Converting from one unit to another When going from a small unit to a large unit the decimal point moves left (this gives you a smaller number). Example: 1000 m = 1 km Example: 1 km = 1000 m

Light microscope Focus Power Wet mount slide Electron microscope

Characteristics of Life How do we know if something is alive or not? If the following characteristics are present then the thing is alive.

WRITE THIS AT TOP CIRCLE Smallest unit of life is 1 cell (unicellular) We are multicellular (many cells)

Sexual Reproduction: mix genetic material of 2 parents to create a new and unique individual. Asexual Reproduction: No mixing of genetic material = a copy of 1 individual

Genetic Code All life is based on a genetic code. The DNA Double Helix is the molecule that carries your genetic information.

Grow = increase in size and Number of cells. Develop = Cells or body’s characteristics change with Maturity.

Nutrients and energy are used To grow and provide energy for movement and cell activities. Metabolism is how fast your body breaks down food and releases the energy to be used. Materials can be used for shelter or attracting a mate

Responds to the Environment What changes in the environment do organisms respond to? Temperature Amount of sunlight Humidity Soil Moisture Predators Potential Mates

Maintain Internal Conditions (homeostasis) During activities we use up energy, increase our temperature, as well as lose water and salts. Our enzymes only work in a limited range. sweating Drink Breathing Eat

Change over time (Evolution) Over time species change. All dogs that are alive today had an ancestor who was a wolf.

As the environment changes those that survive and have successful offspring will shape what the future generations look like. (Offspring are similar to parents)

Biochemistry The study of the organic molecules of life.

Sodium atom (Na)Chlorine atom (Cl)Sodium ion (Na + )Chloride ion (Cl - ) Transfer of electron Protons +11 Electrons -11 Charge 0 Protons +17 Electrons -17 Charge 0 Protons +11 Electrons -10 Charge +1 Protons +17 Electrons -18 Charge -1 Section 2-1 Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding

Carbon is made up of Carbon atoms. Atoms of carbon make up the element Carbon. (pure) Compounds are made When 2 or more elements Are combined in a specific ratio. (mixed)

2 Types of bonds between elements

Ionic bonding is when one atom looses an Electron to another atom. Like when I take my Brothers ice cream I want it all. Then he comes After me! Ionic I want it!

Covalent bonds share electrons. This is a single covalent bond sharing 2 electrons. Double covalent bonds share 4 electrons. Covalent bonds like Co-workers share items.

Water molecules have polar covalent bonding. One end is positive and one end is negative. This gives water some interesting abilities. 1 negatively charged oxygen atom 2 positively charged Hydrogen atoms

4 macromolecules or nutrient groups

Carbohydrates Good or Bad ??????? You get to answer this question at the end!

PROTEINS

DNA RNA The polymer name of nucleic acids is nucleic acids

Monomers That’s a lot of energy stored as carbon hydrogen & oxygen!

What is meant by the following; It’s the same for computers and bodies… Garbage in garbage out.

Producer Make 100%of food 100lbs. Primary Consumer 10% 10lbs. Secondary Consumer 1% 1lbs. carnivore Heterotroph Decomposer.1%.1lbs. Heterotroph Food Chains show how energy moves through the ecosystem. 10% Autotroph Heterotroph Eats something else green plant herbivore decomposer heat

Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Reaction pathway with enzyme Reactants Products Section 2-4 Effect of Enzymes

Oven cleaner Bleach Ammonia solution Soap Sea water Human blood Pure water Milk Normal rainfall Acid rain Tomato juice Lemon juice Stomach acid Neutral Increasingly Basic Increasingly Acidic Section 2-2 pH Scale

Producer Make 100%of food 100lbs. Primary Consumer 10% 10lbs. Secondary Consumer 1% 1lbs. carnivore Heterotroph Decomposer.1%.1lbs. Heterotroph 10% Autotroph Heterotroph green plant herbivore decomposer heat

Cellular respiration vs burning fossil fuel Water and carbon dioxide out. Large energy molecules and oxygen in…

Defend the following statement. If plants don’t get enough nitrogen then they will have difficulty making new cells.

CHO CHON CHONP & sometimes S