Lousy Phylogenies: Phthiraptera systematics and the antiquity of lice

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Presentation transcript:

Lousy Phylogenies: Phthiraptera systematics and the antiquity of lice Vincent S. Smith Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences Graham Kerr Building University of Glasgow Scotland, UK Intro

Lice (Phthiraptera): biology Diversity 4,384 spp “chewing lice” (3,508 bird & 402 mammal spp) 543 spp sucking lice (812 spp mammal) Physical characteristics wingless, dorsoventrally flattened, 0.3-11mm, 3 nymphal instars feed on feathers, fur & skin debris (“chewing lice”) or blood adaptations against host grooming Distribution mirror host distribution worldwide in virtually everyhabitat absent on Chiroptera, Cetacea, Microbiotheria, Monotremata, Notoryctemorphia, Pholidota & Sirenia. Basic phthirapteran biology and statistics Cophylogeny, cospeciation & coevolution

Lice (Phthiraptera): taxonomy Parasitic Lice (Phthiraptera) Psocoptera Lyal, 1985 (Morphology) Chewing Lice “Mallophaga” Sucking Lice (Anoplura) Amblycera Ischnocera Rhynchophthirina Anoplura Psocoptera - 1,350 spp in 7 families - Most “primitive” suborder - More vagile, less host specific - Widespread on birds - 2 fam. South American mammals & marsupials - 1 fam. on Australasian marsupials - 3,060 spp., # families ? - Widespread, ~90% spp. on birds - Avian groups poorly known - Highly host specific - Niche restricted - Mammal infesting species of veterinary significance - Just 3 species - On unrelated hosts - Acquired via shared use of watering holes? - Tiny mandibles present at end of a long rostrum pierce hosts thick skin - 550 spp. in 16 families - Absent from birds - Well studied - Greatest medical & veterinary significance - Vectors of several important diseases - Low prevalence on heathy hosts Kim & Ludwig, 1982 (Morphology) - 1,350 spp in 7 families - Most “primitive” suborder - More vagile, less host specific - Widespread on birds - 2 fam. South American mammals & marsupials - 1 fam. on Australasian marsupials - 3,060 spp., # families ? - Widespread, ~90% spp. on birds - Avian groups poorly known - Highly host specific - Niche restricted - Mammal infesting species of veterinary significance - Just 3 species - On unrelated hosts - Acquired via shared use of watering holes? - Tiny mandibles present at end of a long rostrum pierce hosts thick skin - 550 spp. in 16 families - Absent from birds - Well studied - Greatest medical & veterinary significance - Vectors of several important diseases - Low prevalence on heathy hosts

Anoplura Rhyn… Known Louse Phylogeny, 1996 Ischnocera Amblycera Birds Suborder Family Genus Mammals Birds Amblycera Ischnocera Rhyn… Anoplura Known Louse Phylogeny, 1996 Anoplura 532 Rhyn… 3 Ischnocera 3,060 Principal clades and subordinal phylogeny. Mallophaga issue and 1,344 Amblycera

1996 2003 Genus Family Suborder 3 532 3,060 1,344 Amblycera Ischnocera Rhyn… Anoplura 1996 2003