• Dialysis - Applied since the 70’s. - Low industrial interest.

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• Dialysis - Applied since the 70’s. - Low industrial interest. Membrane Technology • Dialysis - Applied since the 70’s. - Low industrial interest. - Ions & species of low MW (<100 Da). - Ionic Membranes (just like ED). - Driving Force: concentration gradient. Slow and low selective.

• Dialysis - Artificial kidney. Membrane Technology • Dialysis - Artificial kidney. - NaOH recovery in textile effluents, alcohol removal from beer, salts removal (pharmaceutical industry).

• Dialysis Looks not very important...?. Membrane and module markets Membrane Technology • Dialysis Looks not very important...?. Membrane and module markets

• Electrodialysis (ED) Membrane Technology • Electrodialysis (ED) - First applications back at 30’s. - Ion Separations. - Ionic Membranes (non porous). - Driving Force: gradient in electrical potential. - Potential: 1-2 V. - Flat configuration. - Hundreds of anionic and cationic membranes placed alternatively. - Orthogonal electrical field.

• Electrodialysis (ED) Membrane Technology • Electrodialysis (ED)

• Electrodialysis (ED) Membrane Technology • Electrodialysis (ED)

• Electrodialysis (ED) Membrane Technology • Electrodialysis (ED) - Ionic Membranes (non porous). - Based on polystyrene or polypropylene with sulfonic and quaternary amine groups. - Thickness: 0.15-0.6 mm. - ED with reverse polarization (EDR). - ED at high temperature (60ºC). - ED with electrolysis.

• Electrodialysis (ED) Membrane Technology • Electrodialysis (ED) j+ VC c+in VC c+out - Required membrane area  Mass balance (in equivalents)  Charge flow i: electric current density (A/m2) Am: membrane surface (m2) combining η: global electrical efficiency (~0.5 commercial equipment) j: cation flow (eq/m2 s) F: Faraday constant (96500 C/eq) N: number cells in the equipment z: cation charge (eq/mol)

• Electrodialysis (ED) Membrane Technology • Electrodialysis (ED) - Then the required energy, E (J), is UC: potential gradient in a cell (V) RC: total resistance in a cell () as then P: required Power (J/s)

• Electrodialysis (ED) Membrane Technology • Electrodialysis (ED) Where, the required specific energy, (J/m3), is La cell resistance can be estimated from a model based on series of resistances where the resistances to transport are considered through two membranes and the compartments concentrate and diluted.

• Electrodialysis (ED) Membrane Technology • Electrodialysis (ED) - How to determine operational i?  Cation Transport Limit boundary   cCM+ cC+ - + cD+ If cDM+ = 0 cDM+ concentrate diluted Usually: i = 0.8ilim Cationic Membrane t: transport number D: diffusion coefficient

• Electrodialysis (ED) Membrane Technology • Electrodialysis (ED) - Intensity Evolution versus applied potential i (A/m2) ilim Ohmic zone U (V) Resistance rise Ionic water splitting

• Electrodialysis (ED) Membrane Technology • Electrodialysis (ED) - Fields of application: Water desalination. - Competing to RO. - Economically more interesting at very high or very salt concentrations. - Other fields of application: Food Industry. Treatment of heavy metal polluted water.

• Electrodialysis (ED) Membrane Technology • Electrodialysis (ED) - Examples:  Production of drinking water from salty water.  Water softening.  Nitrate removal.  Lactose demineralization.  Acid removal in fruit juice.  Tartrate removal from wines.  Heavy metal recovery.  Production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide.

• Electrodialysis (ED) Membrane Technology • Electrodialysis (ED) electrolytic Cell for the production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide with cationic membrane.

• Electrodialysis (ED) Membrane Technology • Electrodialysis (ED) Electrolytic cell for the production of sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide with bipolar membrane.