Amphetamine Group Members: Kwong Ka Yi Mak Cheuk Kin

Lead Compound Discovery First synthesized in 1887 By Lazar Edelearnu But have no pharmacological use Resynthesized in 1927 By Gordon Alles Used as a decongestant

Molecular modification Ephedrine (2-methylamino-1-phenylpropan-1-ol)  Amphetamine (1-phenylpropan-2-amine)

Ephedrine Amphetamine

Formulation Development Psychostimulant Increased wakefulness Decreased fatigue Examples of popular brands Containing amphetamine as active ingredient Adderall Vyvanse Dexedrine

Adderall Developed by Shire Pharmaceutical in 1996 Available in 2 formulations: Immediate release Extended release Formulations modified Strong effect on absorption & excretion of the racemic DL-amphetamine IIncreased reabsorption  dangerously high amphetamine serum level

At molecular level A mixture of amphetamine salts Racemic amphetamine aspartate monohydrate Dextroamphetamine saccharide Detroamphtetamine sulphate Racemic amphetamine sulphate Active ingredients  Dextroamphetamine  Racemic DL-amphetamine

Vyvanse Developed by New River Pharmaceutical in 2005 Available formulations Pills of several dosages Formulation modified Single-enantiomer amphetamine  Reduce side effect

At molecular level Active ingredients: Lisdexamphetamine Dextroamphetamine Amphetamine  dextroamphetamine  lisdexamphetamine

Dissociate ions Covalent amide bond  hydrolysis Lisdexamphetamine Dextroamphetamine

Dexedrine Formulations available Tablet Sustained-release capsules Formulation modified Exhibit better preventive effect on the neurotransmitters  more obvious fatigue reduction

At molecular level Amphetamine Dextroamphetamine DDextroamphetamine = enantiomer of amphetamine

Safety tests & Human Trials

Adderall Test Duration : 2 years Treatment : ADHD Result : Adderall XR – better tolerability Significant long-term ADHD sympton control

Vyvanse Test Duration : 1 year Treatment : ADHD Result : Fairly good tolerability Side effects frequently reported Decreased appetite Headache Decreased weight Insomnia

Dexedrine Treatment : ADHD Narcolepsy Depression Psychiatric syndrome

Result : Improve attention span & behaviour Reduce fatigue in some patients

Approval for Marketing

Adderall Potential addictive property Powerful ability to raise blood pressure Approved for the treatment of ADHD ONLY

Vyvanse DateApproval 23th February 2007 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 3rd January 2008 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 19th February 2009Health Canada

    Dexedrine ADHD Narcolepsy Depression Weight Loss