NEXT Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office When Jefferson becomes president in 1801, his party replaces Federalist programs with its own.

The Election of 1800 NEXT Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr are Democratic- Republican candidates 1 SECTION Believe Alien and Sedition Acts violate Bill of Rights Jefferson Takes Office John Adams is Federalist candidate Thinks radicals, people with extreme political views, will ruin nation Burr and Jefferson defeat Adams in presidential election Burr, Jefferson receive same number of electoral votes Aaron Burr, American political leader (1834).

Breaking the Tie NEXT 1 SECTION House of Representatives breaks Burr/Jefferson tie Others, like Alexander Hamilton, feel Burr is unreliable Some Federalists fear Jefferson’s views Federalists control the House of Representatives House elects Jefferson as president

The Talented Jefferson NEXT 1 SECTION Jefferson has many talents: -advises Washington D. C. architects -skilled violinist, horseman, scientist, devoted reader Book collection becomes core for the Library of Congress Thomas Jefferson’s drawing of a macaroni machine and instructions for making pasta (about 1787).

Jefferson’s Philosophy NEXT 1 SECTION Jefferson wants to unite Americans, promotes common life style Believes such a nation upholds strong democratic values Wants U.S. to remain a nation of small, independent farmers Believes in a modest role for the central government

Undoing Federalist Programs NEXT 1 SECTION Jefferson seeks to end many Federalist policies: -allows Alien and Sedition Acts to end -ends many taxes including whiskey tax -reduces number of Federal employees, government debt

Marshall and the Judiciary NEXT 1 SECTION Adams uses Judiciary Act of 1801 to appoint many Federalist judges Cannot change judges because they are appointed for life New president Jefferson is frustrated with Federalist judiciary Before leaving office, Adams picks Chief Justice of Supreme Court Federalist Chief Justice John Marshall in office for over 3 decades Strengthens the federal courts, presides over Marbury v. Madison, 1803 John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States (about 1831).

Marbury v. Madison NEXT 1 SECTION Before leaving office, Adams picks William Marbury as a justice Marbury sues, case goes to Supreme Court New Secretary of State James Madison refuses to install Marbury Court rules that law under which Marbury sues is unconstitutional Unconstitutional: contradicts the law of the Constitution Continued...

NEXT 1 SECTION Supreme Court establishes principle of judicial review -judicial review—has final say in interpreting the Constitution -helps establish balance between 3 government branches Continued Marbury v. Madison

NEXT Jefferson purchases the Louisiana Territory in 1803 and doubles the size of the United States. Section 2 The Louisiana Purchase and Exploration

The West in 1800 NEXT 2 SECTION Many settlers move to region between Appalachians, Mississippi River France, Spain want Louisiana Territory, Britain claims land in region Kentucky, Tennessee become states (1800), Ohio becomes state (1803) The Louisiana Purchase and Exploration Louisiana Territory between the Mississippi River, Rocky Mountains Americans want free use of Mississippi River and New Orleans’ port Spain settles California, Russians settle Pacific coast Emigrants crossing the Appalachians on way to Pittsburgh (early 19th century).

Napoleon and New Orleans NEXT 2 SECTION Louisiana Territory is claimed by France, then Spain Angers many Americans who call for war with Spain, France Before returning territory, Spain closes New Orleans to Americans Spain returns territory to France (1800), French plan to colonize it Jefferson offers to buy New Orleans from France French ask if U.S. wants to buy all of Louisiana Territory

The Louisiana Purchase NEXT 2 SECTION France, Napoleon offer Louisiana Territory to U.S. because: -U.S. determination to keep New Orleans -France’s problems with colonization -Napoleon’s costly war with Britain Jefferson approves Louisiana Purchase on April 30, 1803 Buys territory for $15 million, doubles size of U.S.

Lewis and Clark Explore NEXT 2 SECTION Jefferson chooses Meriwether Lewis to lead Louisiana exploration Lewis chooses William Clark to pick, oversee volunteer force Clark is accompanied by York, African American slave, skilled hunter Expedition is known as Lewis and Clark expedition Expedition sets out in summer of 1803, reaches St. Louis by winter

NEXT 2 SECTION Expedition leaves St. Louis (May 1804), heads up Missouri River Reaches Mandan Indian villages in October, builds fort, spends winter Relates well with Native Americans, describes landscape, animals Explores river, hopes to find water route across continent Leave with French trapper, Shoshone wife Sacagawea in spring 1805 Up the Missouri River Shoshone guide Sacagawea with Lewis and Clark. Art (1940), N. C. Wyeth.

NEXT 2 SECTION Expedition reaches Great Falls of the Missouri Sail down river to Pacific coast, spend winter, return following year Shoshone help explorers cross Rockies, reach Columbia River Reaches Rocky Mountains, Shoshone lands; Sacagawea is chief’s sister Expedition brings back wealth of scientific, geographic information On to the Pacific Ocean

NEXT 2 SECTION Zebulon Pike leads expedition (1806) into southern Louisiana Territory Heads into Spanish territory, arrested by Spanish, released (1807) Finds Rocky Mountain peak that is later named Pike’s Peak Seeks source of Arkansas, Red rivers, follows Arkansas River to Rockies Brings back descriptions of Great Plains, Rio Grande River Valley Pike’s Expedition Zebulon M. Pike, American army officer and explorer (19th century).

NEXT 2 SECTION First American explorers of the West bring back tales of adventure Bring back valuable scientific, geographical information The Effects of Exploration

NEXT Jefferson tries to avoid involvement in the problems of other nations. Section 3 Problems with Foreign Powers

Jefferson’s Foreign Policy NEXT As president, Jefferson wants to focus on domestic concerns 3 SECTION Advises U.S. to be friendly with nations, but not form alliances Jefferson’s effort to keep U.S. separate from other nations fails: -U.S. merchants are trading all over world -U.S. has closer contact with other nations -U.S. has little control over actions of foreign nations Problems with Foreign Powers

Problems with France and England NEXT 3 SECTION Britain does not want U.S. to supply Britain’s enemies with provisions France is angered by blockade, enacts laws to control foreign shipping Sets up blockade (1805), allows certain American ships to reach Europe If Americans obey French, their ships could be seized by British If Americans obey British, their ships could be seized by the French Continued...

NEXT 3 SECTION Britain uses impressment, or kidnapping, of American sailors Famous impressment incident arouses widespread anger in America Impressment interferes with U.S. trade Continued Problems with France and England Jefferson decides not to declare war on Britain British officers seize an American sailor at gunpoint.

Trade as a Weapon NEXT 3 SECTION Jefferson asks Congress to pass the Embargo Act of prohibits U.S. ships to sail to foreign ports -closes U.S. ports to British Because of unpopular embargo, Jefferson loses election of 1808 Act hurts U.S. more than it does Britain, France James Madison becomes president, Congress repeals embargo Madison allows trade except with Britain, France

Tecumseh and Native American Unity NEXT 3 SECTION Native Americans lose much land to settlers in the Northwest Territory Many tribes answer Tecumseh’s call for unity Shawnee chief, Tecumseh says Native Americans must unite U.S. defeats Shawnee at Battle of Tippecanoe, sets back unity movement Tecumseh, Shawnee chief.

War Hawks NEXT 3 SECTION British welcome Tecumseh, warriors in Canada Westerners known as War Hawks call for war with Britain British-Native American alliance angers Americans in the West Andrew Jackson, War Hawks urge Congress to declare war Americans also angry about British violation of American rights at sea Congress declares war on Britain on June 18, 1812

NEXT Section 4 The War of 1812 Angered by Britain’s interference in the nation’s affairs, the United States goes to war.

The War Begins NEXT Britain does not want war with U.S., news reaches U.S. late 4 SECTION Congress approves war The War of 1812 First phase of War of 1812, Britain focuses on defeating France Britain does little in U.S. except blockade the American coast Second phase, Britain focuses on defeating U.S. When war is declared, U.S. military is weak, poorly trained

The First Phase of the War NEXT 4 SECTION U.S. wins early naval victories U.S. defeat British at Battle of the Thames in Canada; Tecumseh killed U.S. commander Oliver Hazard Perry, fleet defeat British (1813) U.S. victory ends British threat to the northwest Interactive

The Second Phase of the War NEXT 4 SECTION After defeating Napoleon, Britain focuses on defeating the U.S. Lawyer Francis Scott Key proudly watches U.S. defend Fort McHenry British troops burn U.S. Capitol building, attack Fort McHenry U.S. defeat British at battle of Lake Champlain (1814) Writes song that expresses his pride, becomes U.S. national anthem Continued... Francis Scott Key observing the bombardment and the U.S. flag over Fort McHenry.

NEXT 4 SECTION British troops approach New Orleans Defeats British at the Battle of New Orleans General Andrew Jackson patches together U.S. troops Continued The Second Phase of the War Britain, U.S. sign Treaty of Ghent, ends war Battle of New Orleans takes place after the treaty is signed

The Legacy of the War NEXT 4 SECTION War of 1812 has no clear winner but has important consequences: -U.S. war heroes increase American patriotism -war breaks the strength of Native Americans -forces U.S. to manufacture goods previously imported -U.S. proves it can defend itself against the mightiest military power