GENETICS

What are proteins made of? Amino Acids Where are proteins made? Ribosome Where are chromosomes located? Nucleus What is the function of Chromosomes? Controls heredity

Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Proteins- make up our cells (transplants fail – immune systems attack) Protein synthesis – make proteins Chromosomes – contain information for how to put proteins together 1. protein & nucleic acid (DNA) Nucleic Acid: 1. 5 carbon sugar 2. phosphate group 3. nitrogen containing base

A. DNA – deoxyribo nucleic acid shape – double helix-twisted ladder a. Sugar + phosphates alternate make up sides b. Base – rungs of ladder Double Helix discovered by Watson and Crick

Nucleotide = sugar + phosphate + base Building Blocks – nucleotide (sugar, phosphate & base)

Four different bases 1. Purines – double ring structure adenine, guanine 2. Pyrimidines – single ring structure thymine , cytosine Bonding patter for bases: A – T C - G

Replication – when DNA makes an exact copy of itself Must occur every time the cell divides Why? To ensure cells have a compelte set of DNA Protein synthesis – controls making protein in nucleus - ribosome – site of protein synthesis - DNA has code (instructions) for how to make protein in the nucleus _ RNA – ribonucleic acid

Protein Synthesis RNA Sugar – ribose Shape – single helix Base: uracil adeninine cytosine guanine A-U C- G DNA Deoxyribose Double helix Base: thymine adenine cytosine guanine A-T C-G

Three types of RNA mRNA – messenger RNA carry the message code where proteins are made (genetic info.) Transcription: - tRNA – transfer RNA carries amino acids in the cytoplasm to the ribosome (translation) - rRNA – ribosomal RNA helps put together the amino acids to form a protein

II. What is RNA and how is it different from DNA? Two big differences between DNA and RNA: 1. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose; in RNA it is ribose 2. The nitrogenous base uracil (U) is used in RNA in place of T (they are very similar bases; in RNA U= A just like T = A.)

tRNA – anti- codon Protein Synthesis Transcription – process of transferring the information from DNA to mRNA Translation – process of amino acids bonding together to form