Purifying the Nation Out of the Great Awakening, people wanted to reform society. They developed a “social conscience” for improving the quality of life in society Reformers questioned the value of material progress in an age of industrialization if it were not accompanied by progress in solving the important human problems Southerners resisted reform movements because it feared abolition of slavery Reformers sought to purify the nation by removing sins of slavery, intemperance (alcohol), male domination and war….. Reformers used education, newspapers in inform public of their issues….. Some removed themselves from society and tried to create Utopian societies based on

Revivals = “giving new life,” to bring back to life specifically Popular Religion (1830s) ► Spread Christian ideas of equality and morality. Second Great Awakening Widespread Christian Movement Revival meetings= new life Emotional Sermons Increased the amount of people participating in churches (particularly women) Abolition and Temperance movement are directly linked to 2 nd Great Awakening

Transcendentalism TRANSCENDENTALISM = a philosophy that asserts the SPIRITUAL over the MATERIAL and EMPIRICAL The ultimate truth transcends the physical world

Ralph Waldo Emerson (link)link Leader, Unitarian Minister, devoted to Transcendentalism Wrote Essays, Lectures, Very Popular Advocated the commitment of the individual to full exploration of the inner capacities.

Henry David Thoreau Transcendentalist Repudiated repressive forces Individuals should: –Work for self-realization –Resist conformity –Should respond to own instincts Walden- in the Concord (Mass) Woods Most famous book Lived alone for 2 years

Transcendentalists and Nature Nature was the source of deep Human inspiration Helps individuals see truth within their souls Genuine Spirituality come through communion with nature

Temperance Movement The most significant reform movements of the period sought not to withdraw from society but to change it directly Temperance Movement — undertook to eliminate social problems by curbing drinking –Led largely by clergy, the movement at first focused on drunkenness and did not oppose moderate drinking –In 1826 the American Temperance Society was founded, taking voluntary abstinence as its goal. The most significant reform movements of the period sought not to withdraw from society but to change it directly Temperance Movement — undertook to eliminate social problems by curbing drinking –Led largely by clergy, the movement at first focused on drunkenness and did not oppose moderate drinking –In 1826 the American Temperance Society was founded, taking voluntary abstinence as its goal.

Anti-Alcohol movement American Temperance Society formed at Boston nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There sign pledges, pamphlets, anti-alcohol tract 10 nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There “Demon Drink” stressed temperance and individual will to resist Lucretia Mott

The Temperance Movement During the next decade approximately 5000 local temperance societies were founded As the movement gained momentum, annual per capita consumption of alcohol dropped sharply During the next decade approximately 5000 local temperance societies were founded As the movement gained momentum, annual per capita consumption of alcohol dropped sharply

From the first glass to the grave, 1846 The Drunkard’s Progress

The Asylum Movement (orphanages, jails, hospitals) Asylums isolated and separated the criminal, the insane, the ill, and the dependent from outside society “Rehabilitation” –The goal of care in asylums, which had focused on confinement, shifted to the reform of personal character Asylums isolated and separated the criminal, the insane, the ill, and the dependent from outside society “Rehabilitation” –The goal of care in asylums, which had focused on confinement, shifted to the reform of personal character

The Asylum Movement Dorothea DixDorothea Dix, a Boston schoolteacher, took the lead in advocating state supported asylums for the mentally ill She attracted much attention to the movement by her report detailing the horrors to which the mentally ill were subjected –being chained, kept in cages and closets, and beaten with rods In response to her efforts, 28 states maintained mental institutions by 1860 Dorothea DixDorothea Dix, a Boston schoolteacher, took the lead in advocating state supported asylums for the mentally ill She attracted much attention to the movement by her report detailing the horrors to which the mentally ill were subjected –being chained, kept in cages and closets, and beaten with rods In response to her efforts, 28 states maintained mental institutions by 1860

Growth of slavery

Abolitionism William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of the The Liberator, first appeared in 1831 and sent shock waves across the entire country –He repudiated gradual emancipation and embraced immediate end to slavery at once –He advocated racial equality and argued that slaveholders should not be compensated for freeing slaves. William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of the The Liberator, first appeared in 1831 and sent shock waves across the entire country –He repudiated gradual emancipation and embraced immediate end to slavery at once –He advocated racial equality and argued that slaveholders should not be compensated for freeing slaves.

The Liberator Premiere issue  January 1, 1831

Abolitionism Free blacks, such as Frederick Douglass, who had escaped from slavery in Maryland, also joined the abolitionist movement To abolitionists, slavery was a moral, not an economic question But most of all, abolitionists denounced slavery as contrary to Christian teaching > The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass > “The North Star” Free blacks, such as Frederick Douglass, who had escaped from slavery in Maryland, also joined the abolitionist movement To abolitionists, slavery was a moral, not an economic question But most of all, abolitionists denounced slavery as contrary to Christian teaching > The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass > “The North Star”

Anti-Slavery Alphabet

Sojourner Truth ( ) or Isabella Baumfree > The Narrative of Sojourner Truth R2-10

The Underground Railroad  “Conductor” ==== leader of the escape  “Passengers” ==== escaping slaves  “Tracks” ==== routes  “Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves  “Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep

Significance of reformers Temperance Sojurner Truth Frederick Douglas Underground Railroad (Harriet Tubman) William Lloyd Garrison Dorothea Dix Elizabeth Cady Stanton Clara Barton Transcendentalists Uncle Tom’s Cabin Horace Mann