Individual and Societal Bilingualism Individual Societal Bilingualism Bilingualism YesYes YesNo NoYes NoNo 1/12

Language and National Boundaries National Minority Status in: Language GermanDenmark, Belgium, France, Italy, Slovenia,Serbia, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Hungary, Czechia, Poland TurkishGreece, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine GreekItaly, Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine,Turkey SwedishFinland Trudgill, Peter Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, p /12

Linguistic Minorities LanguageCountries Sami (Lapp)Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia FrisianGermany, Netherlands BasqueSpain, France CatalanSpain, France BretonFrance SorbianGermany KashubianPoland WelshUK GaelicUK Trudgill, Peter Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, p /12

Problems for Linguistic Minorities Education Mother tongue could be Mother tongue could be 1. proscribed 1. proscribed 2. tolerated 2. tolerated 3. promoted 3. promoted Political Access May be unable to carry out transactions without interpreter or bilingual civil servants May be unable to carry out transactions without interpreter or bilingual civil servants Voting Voting Viewed with suspicion Viewed with suspicion Economic Opportunities Jobs Jobs Trudgill, Peter Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, p. 123 ff. 4/12

Languages and Nations UKIrelandSpainMalaysiaNorwayUSCanadaSingaporeIndia 5/12

UK Minority Languages 1 Indigenous Languages Gaelic Gaelic Speakers: 81,000 (in 1931) Speakers: 81,000 (in 1931) 1918 allowed in schools 1918 allowed in schools 1958 more actively promoted 1958 more actively promoted English at secondary level English at secondary level Welsh Welsh Speakers:656,000 (in 1931 ?) Speakers:656,000 (in 1931 ?) 1953 promote bilingual education in Wales 1953 promote bilingual education in Wales Local autonomy to decide Local autonomy to decide Trudgill, Peter Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, pp /12

UK Minority Languages 2 Non-Indigenous Languages Punjabi Punjabi Bengali Bengali Other Other Trudgill, Peter Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, pp /12

The Norwegian National Languages 1 Nynorsk Bokmål ‘new Norwegian’ ‘book language’ forerunner: Landsmål forerunner: Riksmål (Dano-Norwegian) like western dialects like eastern dialects some local press national press, most books poetry, literature (rural) school: 20% children school: most children right-wing press: conservative forms right-wing press: conservative forms left-wing press: radical forms left-wing press: radical forms country name: Noreg country name: Norge Trudgill, Peter Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, pp /12

The Norwegian National Languages 2 Nynorsk Bokmål Both all official documents children must learn both radio / TV use both extensively Trudgill, Peter Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, pp /12

India without English 1 Eliminating English could have the following effects 1. Increased state, ethnic and linguistic loyalties leading to political fragmentation 2. Indian languages do not have scientific and technological tradition—vocabulary gap 3. Using Indian languages for technology, commerce, industry would require massive amounts of translation—no way to keep up 4. Only experts could do the translation and they should be doing the research instead T.K. Dutt (1967), cited in Wolfson (1989), pp /12

India without English 2 Effects of exclusive emphasis of regional language 1. Not enough teaching materials available in regional languages 2. Future jobs prospects fewer 3. Going abroad to study more difficult 4. Elite want to keep English to themselves T.K. Dutt (1967), cited in Wolfson (1989), pp /12

The Power of Language “Where language is a defining characteristic (see p. 44) of a minority ethnic group wanting independence, particularly where other (for example physical) characteristics are not significant (as in the case of Welsh), linguistic factors are likely to play an important role in any separatist movement they might undertake.” Trudgill, Peter Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th edition. London: Penguin Books, p /12