1 Sections In This Presentation  US samples (except Straus studies)  Straus et al 1975 and 1985 National Family Violence Surveys  Other nation samples  Other nation samples in International Parenting Study  Specific populations and clinical samples  Partner violence between parents as reported by child  Intimate Terrorism Dyadic Concordance Types

% Dyadic Concordance Types of Physical Assault By 202 Couples In First Year Of Marriage 2 Couple Prevalence: 37% Note: Prevalence and DTs based on of the partner who reported a greater frequency of physical assault Panuzio, J., & DiLillo, D. (2010). Physical, Psychological, and Sexual Intimate Partner Aggression Among Newlywed Couples: Longitudinal Prediction of Marital Satisfaction. Journal of Family Violence, 25(7), doi: /s

% Dyadic Concordance Types of Physical Assault Using Data Provided by 1,026 Men Presenting at An Emergency Room 3 Couple Prevalence: 37% Rhodes, Karin V., Houry, Debra, Cerulli, Catherine, Straus, Helen, Kaslow, Nadine J., & McNutt, Louise-Anne. (2009). Intimate Partner Violence and Comorbid Mental Health Conditions Among Urban Male Patients. Annals of Family Medicine, 7(1), doi: /afm.936

4 Dyadic Concordance Types for Minor Assault U.S. National Comorbidity Study (N=8,098)* % * Kessler, R. C., Molnar, B. E., Feurer, I. D., & Appelbaum, M. (2001). Patterns and mental health predictors of domestic violence in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. International Journal Of Law And Psychiatry, 24(4-5), ** Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Selwyn, C., & Rohling, M. L. (2012). Rates of Bidirectional Versus Unidirectional Intimate Partner Violence Across \Samples, Sexual Orientations, and Race/Ethnicities: A Comprehensive Review. Partner Abuse, 3(2), doi: / One of more than 50 studies** which found:  Predominant Pattern Is Both-Violent  Male-Only and Female- Only about same % Note: DTs are for the sub group of couples in which there was an assault * *Couple Prevalence for MINOR assault according to: Males: 21% Females: 23%

5 Dyadic Concordance Types for Severe Assault U.S. National Comorbidity Study (N=8,098)* % * Kessler, R. C., Molnar, B. E., Feurer, I. D., & Appelbaum, M. (2001). Patterns and mental health predictors of domestic violence in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. International Journal Of Law And Psychiatry, 24(4-5), ** Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Selwyn, C., & Rohling, M. L. (2012). Rates of Bidirectional Versus Unidirectional Intimate Partner Violence Across \Samples, Sexual Orientations, and Race/Ethnicities: A Comprehensive Review. Partner Abuse, 3(2), doi: / One of more than 50 studies** which found:  Predominant Pattern Is Both-Violent  Male-Only and Female- Only about same % Note: DTs are for the sub group of couples in which there was an assault* * Couple Prevalence for SEVERE Assault according to: Males: 6% Females: 8%

6 Dyadic Concordance Types for Minor and Severe Assault U.S. National Comorbidity Study (N=8,098)* Kessler, R. C., Molnar, B. E., Feurer, I. D., & Appelbaum, M. (2001). Patterns and mental health predictors of domestic violence in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. International Journal Of Law And Psychiatry, 24(4-5), SEVERE ASSAULTMINOR ASSAULT *Couple Prevalence according to: Males: 21% Females: 23% * Couple Prevalence according to: Males: 6% Females: 8%

% Dyadic Concordance Types For Assault By 7,395 Married & Cohabiting Couples Wave 1 of the National Survey of Families and Households 7 Anderson, K. L. (2002). Perpetrator or victim? Relationships between intimate partner violence and well-being. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 64(4), Couple Prevalence according to: Males: 10% Females: 9% Note: DTs are for the sub group of couples in which there was assault

% Dyadic Concordance Types for Any Assault As Reported By Men And Women Age (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health N=4,795) 8 Couple Prevalence according to: Males: 20% Females: 20% Tillyer, M. S., & Wright, E. M. (2014). Intimate Partner Violence and the Victim-Offender Overlap. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(1), doi: / Note: DTs are for the sub group of couples in which there was assault

% Dyadic Concordance Types for Physical Assault between Partners As Reported By 453 Couples with Children Age Smith Slep, A. M. & O’Leary, S. G. (2009). Distinguishing risk profiles among parent-only, partner-only, and dually perpetrating physical aggressors. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(5), doi: /a Couple Prevalence by Type: Any: 49% Severe: 24% Note: DTs as reported by Partners

% Dyadic Concordance Types for Physical Assault between Partners As Reported By 453 Couples with Children Age Smith Slep, A. M. & O’Leary, S. G. (2009). Distinguishing risk profiles among parent-only, partner-only, and dually perpetrating physical aggressors. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(5), doi: /a Couple Prevalence by Type: Any: 87% Severe: 13% Note: DTs as reported by Parent of the Child

11 Student Couples Except Straus samples

% Dyadic Concordance Types for Physical Assault As Reported By 481 University Students 12 Hines, D. A., & Saudino, K. J. (2003). Gender Differences in Psychological, Physical, and Sexual Aggression Among College Students using the revised Conflict Tatics Scales. Violence & Victims, 18(2), Couple Prevalence according to: Males: 39% Females: 38%

% Dyadic Concordance Types for Partner Assault By High School Students (1997 South Carolina Youth Risk Behavior Survey, N = 5,414) 13 Couple Prevalence according to: Males: 9% Females: 14% Coker, A. L., McKeown, R. E., Sanderson, M., Davis, K. E., Valois, R. F., & Huebner, E. S. (2000). Severe dating assault and quality of life among South Carolina high school students. American journal of preventive medicine, 19(4), Note: DTs are for the sub group of couples in which there was an assault

14 Comparison Of CTS full form with short form

% Dyadic Concordance Types for Any Assault As Reported By 1,157 University Students 15 Straus, M. A. and E. M. Douglas (2004). "A short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for seventy and mutuality." Violence and Victims 19: Prevalence for ANY assault: Short Form: 19% Full Form: 31%

% Comparison of Dyadic Concordance Types for Any Assault Using the Short Form and Full Conflict Tactics Scales (Data From 1,157 University Students) 16 Straus, M. A. and E. M. Douglas (2004). "A short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for seventy and mutuality." Violence and Victims 19: Prevalence for ANY assault: Short Form: 19% Full Form: 31%

17 Comparison Of CTS full form with short form

% Dyadic Concordance Types for Severe Assault As Reported By 1,157 University Students 18 Straus, M. A. and E. M. Douglas (2004). "A short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for seventy and mutuality." Violence and Victims 19: Prevalence for SEVERE assault: Short Form: 6% Full Form: 12%

Dyadic Concordance Types for Any and Severe Assault As Reported By 1,157 University Students 19 Straus, M. A. and E. M. Douglas (2004). "A short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for seventy and mutuality." Violence and Victims 19: *Couple Prevalence according to: Short Form: 19% Full Form: 31% ANY ASSAULTSEVERE ASSAULT *Couple Prevalence according to: Short Form: 6% Full Form: 12%

Dyadic Concordance Types of Assault Among Student Couples In The 15-Nation International Parenting Study 20

% Dyadic Assault Types For Dating Relationships Among 11,408 University Students in 15 Nations - Any Assault As Reported By Men and Women 21 Straus, M. A., & Winstok, Z. (2014). Relation of Dyadic Concordance-Discordance Types of Partner Violence to Depression of Male and Female University Students in 15 Nations. Unpublished Manuscript. Durham, NH: Family Research Laboratory Couple Prevalence according to: Males: 14% Females: 18%

Dyadic Assault Types For Dating Relationships Among 11,408 University Students in 15 Nations - Any Assault Straus, M. A., & Winstok, Z. (2013). Gender Differences in the Relation Of Dyadic Concordance Types Of Partner Violence To Depression Among University students in 15 nations. Paper presented at the Society For The Study Of Social Problems Annual Meeting, New York. 22 % Couple Prevalence: 17%

Any AssaultSevere Assault % Figure 1. Dyadic Assault Types For Dating Relationships Among 11,408 University Students in 15 Nations Straus, M. A., & Winstok, Z. (2013). Gender Differences in the Relation Of Dyadic Concordance Types Of Partner Violence To Depression Among University students in 15 nations. Paper presented at the Society For The Study Of Social Problems Annual Meeting, New York % 37.6% 45.4 % 11.9 % 44.6 % 43.7% Cannot find where “severe data” comes from – not in source provided (neither paper nor presentation)

Dyadic Concordance Types For Physical Assault By University Student Couples In 15 Nations Region Nation Prevalence Dyadic Concordance Types For Assault Male-OnlyFemale-OnlyBoth Total Asia Taiwan Hong Kong Europe Belgium Greece Italy Poland Russia Scotland Slovenia Switzerland Norway Spain Middle East Israel N. America Canada United States Straus, M. A., & Winstok, Z. (2013). Gender Differences in the Relation Of Dyadic Concordance Types Of Partner Violence To Depression Among University students in 15 nations. Presented at the Society For the Study Of Social Problems annual meeting, New York 8 August

Dyadic Concordance Types Of Perpetration Of Severe Assault As Reported By Male And Female Respondents In 1985 National Family Violence Survey Couple Prevalence: 7%

26 Straus, Murray A. (2014). Dyadic Concordance Types And Discordance In Three Partner Abuse Behaviors And Other Problematic Behavior By Male And Female Partners In A National Sample Of American Couples. Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire. Durham, NH. (For sample description, see Gelles, R., & Straus, M. A. (1988). Intimate violence: The causes and consequences of abuse in the American family. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.) Dyadic Concordance Types For Asaulting A Partner (Any & Severe) Coupled in the 2 nd National Family Violence Survey (N = 6,002) % Dyadic Concordance Types Type Any Assault Couple Prevalence: 17% Assault Severe Couple Prev.: 7% Male Female

27 Other nations, except for Straus Samples

Any AssaultSevere Assault % Dyadic Assault Types Among a National Sample Of Korean Couples Note: Male-Only Type Predominates 28 Marital Power, Conflict, Norm Consensus, and Marital Violence in a Nationally Representative Sample of Korean Couples (Kim, Jae-Yop and Emery, Clifton ) Journal of Interpersonal Violence 18: Assault Create chart of Korena students

Male Respondents Female Respondents % Dyadic Concordance Types for Physical Assault, Previous Year Probability sample of 3,496 adults Age In Six European Cities 29 Costa, Diogo, Hatzidimitriadou, Eleni, Ioannidi-Kapolou, Elli, Lindert, Jutta, Soares, Joaquim, Sundin, Örjan,... Barros, Henrique. (2014). Intimate partner violence and health-related quality of life in European men and women: findings from the DOVE study. Quality of Life Research, 1-9. doi: /s Couple Prevalence According to: Men: 20% Women: 18%

Male Respondents Female Respondents % Dyadic Concordance Types for Physical Assault, Lifetime Probability sample of 3,496 adults Age In Six European Cities 30 Costa, Diogo, Hatzidimitriadou, Eleni, Ioannidi-Kapolou, Elli, Lindert, Jutta, Soares, Joaquim, Sundin, Örjan,... Barros, Henrique. (2014). Intimate partner violence and health-related quality of life in European men and women: findings from the DOVE study. Quality of Life Research, 1-9. doi: /s Couple Prevalence According to: Men: 29% Women: 27%

% Dyadic Assault Types As Reported By Men And Women In A National Sample of 11,425 Canadian Couples 31 Graham, K., Bernards, S., Flynn, A., Tremblay, P. F., & Wells, S. (2012). Does the Relationship Between Depression and Intimate Partner Aggression Vary by Gender, Victim–Perpetrator Role, and Aggression Severity? Violence & Victims, 27(5), doi: / ​ Couple Prevalence according to: Males: 8% Females: 9%

% Dyadic Assault Types for Perpetration Of Physical Assault As Reported By 5,219 Spanish High School Students 32 Fernández-González, L., O’Leary, K. D., & Muñoz-Rivas, M. J. (2014). Age-Related Changes in Dating Aggression in Spanish High School Students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(6), doi: / dy Of Social Problems annual meeting, New York 8 August Couple Prevalence according to: Males: 46% Females: 53% Male Prevalence: 39% Female Prevalence: 48%

% Who Assaulted Figure 1. Dyadic Concordance Types for Partner Assault Perpetration As Reported By 3,642 Men And Women In The World Mental Health Study 33 Couple Prevalence according to: Males: 22% Females 22% Miller, E., Breslau, J., Petukhova, M., Fayyad, J., Green, J. G., Kola, L., Kessler, R. C. (2011). Premarital mental disorders and physical violence in marriage: cross-national study of married couples. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(4), doi: /bjp.bp

34 Kim, J.-Y., & Emery, C. (2003). Marital power, conflict, norm consensus, and marital violence in a nationally representative sample of Korean couples. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(2), Kei contacted author about DTs

Any AssaultSevere Assault % Dyadic Assault Types Among a National Sample Of Korean Couples 35 Kim, J.-Y., & Emery, C. (2003). Marital power, conflict, norm consensus, and marital violence in a nationally representative sample of Korean couples. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(2), Create chart of Korea students Kei contacted author about DTS (check coding notes for more detail)

% Dyadic Concordance Types of Physical Assault Perpetration Among Parents Of A Swedish National Sample Age (N=703) 36 Couple Prevalence: 28% Miller, L. E., Cater, A. A. K., Howell, K. H., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2014). Perpetration patterns and environmental contexts of IPV in Sweden: Relationships with adult mental health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(1), doi: /j.chiabu

37 MUTUALITY OF PARTNER VIOLENCE, AS REPORTED BY WOMEN IN THREE SURVEYS V67C BY FEMALE RESPONDENTS Same as slides 33 and 34, appear to be correct. Checked only for Female respondents from National Survey 1985

38 Same as slides 34, 35, and 44, appear to be correct. Checked only for Female respondents from National Survey 1985

39 Same as slides 31 and 32, Rates for 1985 National Survey for “Any Assault” appear to be incorrect

40 Same as slides 35 and 36, Rates for Male 1985 National Survey appear to be incorrect

Male Only Female Only Both Male Only Female Only Both IDV12 E1a Dyadic Dating Assault Types As Reported By Male And Female University students in the Nine ?? Most Male-Dominant Nations in the IDVS * 41 * India, Iran, Guatamala, etc Slide seems unfinished. Unsure where data is from

Kim, J.-Y., & Emery, C. (2003). Marital power, conflict, norm consensus, and marital violence in a nationally representative sample of Korean couples. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(2),

Male RespondentsFemale Respondents % Dyadic Assault Types For Dating Relationships Among 11,408 University Students in 15 Nations - Any Assault As Reported By Men and Women 43 Straus, M. A., & Winstok, Z. (2013). Gender Differences in the Relation Of Dyadic Concordance Types Of Partner Violence To Depression Among University students in 15 nations. Presented at the Society For the Study Of Social Problems annual meeting, New York 8 August Prevalence Men Women

44 Dyadic Assault Types For University Student Dating Couples In 32 Nations (N=14,252) SEVERE ASSAULTANY ASSAULT * Couple Prevalence for SEVERE assault according to: Males: 8% Females: 11% *Couple Prevalence for ANY assault according to: Males: 24% Females: 32% Straus, M. A. (2008). Dominance and symmetry in partner violence by male and female university students in 32 nations. Children and Youth Services Review, 30,

45 Old format, same data/study as slide 16 Dyadic Assault Types For University Student Dating Couples In 32 Nations (N=14,252) Straus, M. A. (2008). Dominance and symmetry in partner violence by male and female university students in 32 nations. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, *Couple Prevalence for ANY assault according to: Males: 24% Females: 32% * Couple Prevalence for SEVERE assault according to: Males: 8% Females: 11%

46 Straus, M. A. (2007). Dominance and symmetry in partner violence by male and female university students in 32 nations. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, ,252 students in a dating relationship. This chart is for the 4,239 who reported one or more incidents of assault. Dyadic Concordance Types For Assault Perpetration In Dating Relationships Of University Students In 32 Nations

Male Only Female Only Both Male Only Female Only Both Dyadic Perpetration Types As Reported By Male And Female University Students in the Seven Most Male-Dominant Nations in 32 Nations * 47 According to the United Nations Gender Inequality Index: Brazil, Guatemala, India, Iran, Mexico. South Africa, Venezuela Straus, Murray A., & Mickey, Ethel L. (2012). Reliability, validity, and prevalence of partner violence measured by the conflict tactics scales in male-dominant nations. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, doi: /j.avb

Any AssaultSevere Assault % Dyadic Aggression Types In The Seven Most Male-Dominant Nations* In The International Dating Violence Study 48 ID71 Straus, M. A., & Mickey, E. L. (2012). Reliability, validity, and prevalence of partner violence measured by the conflict tactics scales in male-dominant nations. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, doi: /j.avb * According to the United Nations Gender Inequality Index: Brazil, Guatemala, India, Iran, Mexico. South Africa, Venezuela

Dyadic Assault Types For University Student Dating Couples In 32 Nations (N=14,252) Straus, M. A. (2008). Dominance and symmetry in partner violence by male and female university students in 32 nations. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, Prevalence Male: Female:

50 Straus, Murray A. (2014). Dyadic Concordance Types And Discordance In Three Partner Abuse Behaviors And Other Problematic Behavior By Male And Female Partners In A National Sample Of American Couples. Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire. Durham, NH. (For sample description, see Gelles, R., & Straus, M. A. (1988). Intimate violence: The causes and consequences of abuse in the American family. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.) Couple Prevalence: 13% Dyadic Concordance Types For Witnessing Violence Between Parents Of Couples in the 2 nd National Family Violence Survey (N = 6,002) % Dyadic Concordance Types Type

51 Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (In press). Mutuality, Severity, And Chronicity Of Violence Between Parents Experienced By University Students In 15 Nations. Child Abuse and Neglect. Couple Prevalence: 14% Note: DTs as reported by Parents in a Violent Relationship Violence Between Parents Of University Students In 15 Nations * 14% of parents had one or more violent incidents when student was 10 * Among this 14%: ~ Predominant pattern was Both-Violent ~ Next was Father-Only, ~ Mother-Only almost as high

% 52 Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (In press). Mutuality, Severity, And Chronicity Of Violence Between Parents Experienced By University Students In 15 Nations. Child Abuse and Neglect. Dyadic Aggression Types Between Parents Of University Students in 15 Nations: * Predominant Pattern Is Both-Violent. * Next Is Father-only. * Followed Closely By Mother-only Couple Prevalence by Type: Any: 13% Severe: 7%

53 Previous Studies Which Measured Dyadic Aggression Types

54 Not child report

Dyadic Concordance Types of Assault Between Parents of University Students In 15-Nations 55

56 Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2013). Mutuality, severity, and chronicity of violence by Father-Only, Mother-Only, and mutually violent parents as reported by university students in 15 nations. Child Abuse Negl. doi: /j.chiabu Couple Prevalence: 14% Note: Data for parents as reported by students Violence Between Parents Of University Students In 15 Nations * 14% of parents had one or more violent incidents when student was 10 * Among this 14%: ~ Predominant pattern was Both-Violent ~ Next was Father-Only, ~ Mother-Only almost as high Same as slide 11

% 57 Dyadic Concordance Types for Physical Assault Between Parents Of University Students in 15 Nations Parents Who Assaulted Any assault: 14% Severe: 7% Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2013). Mutuality, severity, and chronicity of violence by Father-Only, Mother-Only, and mutually violent parents as reported by university students in 15 nations. Child Abuse Negl. doi: /j.chiabu

58. Same as previous, but different format Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2013). Mutuality, severity, and chronicity of violence by Father-Only, Mother-Only, and mutually violent parents as reported by university students in 15 nations. Child Abuse Negl. doi: /j.chiabu

* In All Regions Predominant Pattern Is Both-violent, Next Is Father-only, Followed By Mother-only * This Applies To Both Any Assault And Severe Assaults RegionN Father- Only Mother- Only Both- Violent A.Any Assault All regions %22.4% 52.3% Asia %14.5% 54.5% Europe %21.7% 49.8% Israel %6.3% 33.3% North America %25.4% 55.7% A.Severe Assault RegionN Father- Only Mother- Only Both- Violent All regions %16.5% 53.3% Asia %18.5% 49.4% Europe %15.7% 46.0% Israel %0.0% 61.1% North America %17.8% 61.1% 59 Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2013). Mutuality, severity, and chronicity of violence by Father-Only, Mother-Only, and mutually violent parents as reported by university students in 15 nations. Child Abuse Negl. doi: /j.chiabu

 Conflict Tactics Scales – short form  Answered for what happened when they were 10 years old Percent Of Parents Violent Fathers10.5 Mothers13.1 Either Parent14.5 Similar to rates of US community studies  Of the 14% of violent parents 53% both parents violent 25% Father-Only 22% Mother-Only Violence Between Parents Of University Students In 15 Nations 60

61 Specific Population and Clinical Samples

62 Dyadic Concordance Types Of Abuse (either physical assault or sexual coercion) 1044 high-risk African-American pregnant women % Shneyderman, Y., & Kiely, M. (2013). Intimate partner violence during pregnancy: victim or perpetrator? Does it make a difference? Bjog-an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 120(11), doi: / Couple Prevalence: 45% Note: DTs are for the sub group of couples in which there was violence

Dyadic Concordance Types for Frequent Assault 159 Couples From High Crime Neighborhoods 63 Capaldi, D. M., & Owen, L. D. (2001). Physical aggression in a community sample of at-risk young couples: Gender comparisons for high frequency, injury, and fear. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(3), Frequent: 19 or more times in past 12 months Couple Prevalence 14% %

% Dyadic Concordance Types For Assault Urban Gays, Lesbians, And Bisexuals, By Gender Of Respondent Kelly, B. C., Izienicki, H., Bimbi, D. S., & Parsons, J. T. (2011). The intersection of mutual partner violence and substance use among urban gays, lesbians, and bisexuals. Deviant Behavior, 32(5), doi: / Couple Prevalence 44% Male Female Couple Prevalence 46%

% Dyadic Type of Intimate Violence in Male Same-Sex Relationships 65 Couple Prevalence: 100% Note: The sample consisted of (N = 68) gay and bisexual men who reported at least 1 violent episode in their intimate relationships Stanley, J. L., Bartholomew, K., Taylor, T., Oram, D., & Landolt, M. (2006). Intimate violence in male same-sex relationships. Journal of Family Violence, 21(1), doi: /s

Male Only Female Only Both % Dyadic Concordance Types For Intimate Terrorist In Dating Relationships Of University Students in 32 Nations 66 Straus, M. A., & Gozjolko, K. L. (2014). Intimate terrorism and injury of dating partners by male and female university students. Journal of Family Violence 29: Couple Prevalence: 65% Need to be checked and updated

Male Only Female Only Both “Terrorist” % Dyadic Concordance Types For Intimate Terrorism 33% physically assaulted partner in the previous 12 months Among those who assaulted, 29% percent were “Intimate Terrorists” Among the Intimate Terrorists, the percent in each Dyadic Type was: 67 Straus, M. A., & Gozjolko, K. L. (In Press). Intimate terrorism and injury of dating partners by male and female university students. Journal of Family Violence

As reported by menAs reported by women % Dyadic Concordance Types For Intimate Terrorism 29% of the men in this sample and 34% of the women physically assaulted partner in previous 12 months Among them, the percent who were classified as Intimate Terrorists was: 68 : Straus, M. A., & Gozjolko, K. L. (In Press). Intimate terrorism and injury of dating partners by male and female university students. Journal of Family Violence.

% Dyadic Concordance Types For Intimate Terrorism In Dating Relationships Of University Students in 32 Nations 69 : Straus, M. A., & Gozjolko, K. L. (2014). Intimate terrorism and injury of dating partners by male and female university students. Journal of Family Violence 29: Couple Prevalence according to: Males: 29% Females: 34% Need to be checked and updated