Ch 26 Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems.

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Ch 26 Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems.
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Ch 26 Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems

Student Learning Outcomes Describe the normal microbiota of the upper urinary tract, the male urethra, and the female urethra and vagina. Describe modes of transmission for urinary and reproductive system infections. List the microorganisms that cause cystitis and pyelonephritis. Name the predisposing factors for these diseases. List the causative agents, symptoms, methods of diagnosis, and treatments for gonorrhea, chlamydia, PID, and syphilis. List reproductive system diseases that can cause congenital and neonatal infections, and explain how these infections can be prevented. Discuss genital herpes, genital warts, candidiasis, and trichomoniasis.

Normal Microbiota Urinary bladder and upper urinary tract are sterile Women: Flora influenced by estrogen. Lactobacilli dominate vaginal microbiota during reproductive years Men: urethra normally sterile >1,000 bacteria/ml or 100 coliforms/ml of urine indicates infection Women – flora influenced by estrogen. Estrogen causes glycogen production  converted to lactic acid by Lactobacillus  Lower pH inhibits growth of potential pathogens (normal flora is acid tolerant)

Cystitis Common in females. Symptoms? Contributing factors: Microorganisms at opening of the urethra and along lower parts of urethra careless personal hygiene sexual intercourse Most common etiologies E. coli S. saprophyticus May also be caused by Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, etc. Antibiotic-sensitivity tests may be required before treatment. Many nosocomial cases (how?) Not uncommonly followed by yeast infection Bacteria can ascend to the kidney  ureteritis  pyelonephritis. (75% caused by E. coli)

Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Infections (STDs / STIs) Most diseases of reproductive system are STIs (15 million new cases each year) 8 billion dollars a year to control STIs > 30 different types of STIs (bacterial, viral, parasitic) Highly effective prevention (?)

Gonorrhea (“Clap”) N. gonorrhoeae (G, dipplococci), reportable Attaches to mucosal cells of oral-pharyngeal area, genitals, eyes, and rectum by means of fimbriae. Males usually symptomatic (painful urination and pus discharge). Blockage of the urethra and sterility are complications of untreated cases. If left untreated, may result in endocarditis, meningitis, arthritis, ophthalmia neonatorum Diagnosed by ELISA or PCR. Antibiotic resistance increasing (R-plasmids) ~ 350’000 cases / year in US – only human reservoir No immunity build up / no vaccination

Most males symptomatic With pus containing discharge from urethra Females often asymptomatic unless the infection spreads to uterus and uterine tubes leading to PID = Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (polymicrobial; ~ 1 Mio women per year in US) PID = extensive infection of female pelvic organs (uterus, cervix, uterine tubes, or ovaries) – Chlamydia most serious

PID  tubal infection, salpingitis, scar tissue, adhesions, ectopic pregancies and sterility, chronic abdominal pain. 50 % of females asymptomatic

Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU) - Chlamydia Chlamydia trachomatis, obligate intracellular bacterium Most common reported STI in US, ~ 4 mio cases/year “Silent disease” 50% of males asymptomatic 75% of females asymptomatic – PID possible! Chlamydial ophthalmia and/or pneumonia in newborn Diagnosis is based on the detection of chlamydial DNA in urine Annual screening tests recommended for sexually active women < 25 y To help prevent the serious consequences of chlamydia, screening at least annually for chlamydia is recommended for all sexually active women age 25 years and younger. An annual screening test also is recommended for older women with risk factors for chlamydia (a new sex partner or multiple sex partners). All pregnant women should have a screening test for chlamydia. Chlamydia is the most frequently reported bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the United States. In 2008, 1,210,523 chlamydial infections were reported to CDC from 50 states and the District of Columbia. Under-reporting is substantial because most people with chlamydia are not aware of their infections and do not seek testing. Also, testing is not often done if patients are treated for their symptoms. An estimated 2,291,000 non-institutionalized U.S. civilians ages 14-39 are infected with C. trachomatis  based on the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.  Women are frequently re-infected if their sex partners are not treated.

Syphilis Treponema pallidum (spirochete) Cannot culture in vitro – grown in cell cultures Transmitted by direct contact can invade intact mucous membranes or penetrate through breaks in the skin No animal reservoir “The Great Imitator” Three stages Hard chancre (painless) at site of infection Flu-like symptoms, skin rash Latent for years. May progress to Gummas in skin and internal organs Congenital: Neurological damage Primary and secondary stages treated with penicillin

Secondary syphilis: + wide spread rash Lesions can mimic almost anything. Often patient feels poorly and has flu like symptoms + wide spread rash Lesion fluid still highly infectious! Can last weeks to months.

Tertiary Syphilis Latent for up to 30 years, then Neurosyphilis Cardiovascular syphilis Aortic aneurysms Gummatous syphilis “Gumma” becomes apparent after 15-30 years of untreated infection (can appear anywhere)

Diagnosis: No culture  Darkfield microscopy and serological assays Congenital syphilis – T. pallidum crosses placenta  Hutchinson's triad in 63% of cases: Hutchinson's teeth (notched incisors), keratitis and deafness Diagnosis: No culture  Darkfield microscopy and serological assays Treatment long acting antibiotics, but damage done is irreversible Hutchinson's triad, which consists of Hutchinson's teeth (notched incisors), keratitis and deafness and occurs in 63% of cases

Genital Herpes – Herpes simplex virus HSV-1 (HHV1) and HSV-2 (HHV2) 16.2%, or about one out of six, people 14 to 49 years of age have genital HSV-2 infection. More common in females Symptoms: painful urination, genital irritation, and fluid-filled vesicles Neonatal herpes: contracted during fetal development or birth. Can result in neurological damage or infant fatalities Virus might enter latent stage in nerve cells (Life-long infection). Vesicle recurrences following trauma, stress, and hormonal changes Highly transmittable – subclinical shedding can be as high as in symptomatic infection Suppression: Acyclovir and others

original context on the page: www. hc-sc. gc. ca/ original context on the page: www.hc-sc.gc.ca/.../slm-maa/ slides/hsv/pages/h990.html

Genital Warts Human papillomaviruses ~ 20 mio Americans currently infected. ~ 6 mio new infections each year. Four types of HPV associated with cervical and penile cancer DNA test detects cancer-causing strainsmportance of pap smear Gardasil and Cervarix for boys and girls, 9 – 26 years old. Dr. Papanicolaou Exfoliative cytology of the vagina and cervix

Trichomoniasis Trichomonas vaginalis Most common STI in young women. Not reportable. (~ 7.4 mio new cases per year) Men usually asymptomatic carriers (reservoir). Women frequently symptomatic: frothy, yellow-green vaginal discharge with strong odor. Diagnosis based on observation of motile protozoa in purulent discharges (wet mounts) from infection site. Treatment: Metronidazole.

TORCH Infections or TORCH Complex Medical acronym for a set of congenital infections Antibody screening tests for pregnant women T__________________ Other infections: namely hepatitis B, syphilis, HHV-3 and 4 … R __________________ CMV__________________ H __________________ the end