Cities and Civilizations

Cities and Civilizations Seminar We begin at about 8,000 BC when village life began in the New Stone Age... Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. NEW STONE AGE

What is the REVOLUTION? A TOTALLY new way of living: From Hunter-Gatherers to Agriculture Click on words and pictures for web links.

The invention of Agriculture changed the way people lived. Agriculture (Farming) Agriculture (Farming) Growth of Cities Growth of Cities Division of Labor (Specialization) Division of Labor (Specialization) Trade Trade Writing and Mathematics Writing and Mathematics

GEOGRAPHY influenced the development of river valley civilizations.

Early River Valley Civilizations Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable No natural barriers Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings Environment Sumer Egypt Indus Valley China Flooding of the Nile predictable Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages Deserts were natural barriers Indus flooding unpredictable Monsoon winds Mountains, deserts were natural barriers Huang He flooding unpredictable Mountains, deserts natural barriers Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations

Mesopotamia – Fertile Crescent Sumer – The Earliest of the River Valley Civilizations Sumer – The Earliest of the River Valley Civilizations Sumerian Civilization grew up along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is now Kuwait and Iraq. Sumerian Civilization grew up along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is now Kuwait and Iraq.

Look at the map in the textbook on page 28. Define “Fertile Crescent.”

Define “Fertile Crescent” A well-watered and fertile area, A well-watered and fertile area, the fertile crescent arcs across the northern part of the Syrian desert. It is flanked on the west by the Mediterranean and on the east by the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and includes all or parts of Israel, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq. From antiquity this region was the site of sophisticated settlements. the fertile crescent arcs across the northern part of the Syrian desert. It is flanked on the west by the Mediterranean and on the east by the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and includes all or parts of Israel, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq. From antiquity this region was the site of sophisticated settlements.

Greeks called the northern part of the Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia “Between Two Rivers” (Tigris River and Euphrates River) The southern part of Mesopotamia was called Babylonia, originally Sumer. Which country is Mesopotamia today? (Iraq)

Sumer - Sumerians (Kuwait) ca to 3000 BC. (ca. = circa) Sumer gave us the city-state. Define: city-state Political unit made up of a city and the surrounding lands. Each city state has its own government, even when it shares a culture with neighboring city states.

Sumerian Writing: cuneiform Cuneiform is created by pressing a pointed stylus into a clay tablet.

Deciphering Cuneiform

SumeriansSumerians invented: Sumerians Brick technology Brick technology Wheel Wheel Base 60 – using the circle degrees Base 60 – using the circle degrees Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a minute Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a minute 12 month lunar calendar 12 month lunar calendar arch arch ramp ramp ziggurat ziggurat

Board Game From Ur

ZigguratZiggurat – Holy Mountain Ziggurat

Babylon Gave us the first known written law code and was the first civilization where the citizens live by the “Rule of Law” Define “rule of law” Government by law. The rule of law implies that government authority may only be exercised in accordance with written laws, which were adopted through an established procedure.

Hammurabi’s Code BC Hammurabi’s Code was this law code. Hammurabi ruled the Babylonian Empire for 42 years. At the end of his long reign, Hammurabi’s legal decisions were collected and inscribed on a stone tablet in a Babylonian temple. The 282 laws of the Code of Hammurabi represent one of the earliest known legal systems.

“If a man stole the property of church or state, that man shall be put to death; also the one who received the stolen goods from his hand shall be put to death.” The laws governed such things as lying, stealing, assault, debt, business partnerships, marriage, and divorce. In seeking protection for all members of Babylonian society, Hammurabi relied on the philosophy of equal retaliation, otherwise known as “an eye for an eye.” The laws governed such things as lying, stealing, assault, debt, business partnerships, marriage, and divorce. In seeking protection for all members of Babylonian society, Hammurabi relied on the philosophy of equal retaliation, otherwise known as “an eye for an eye.”

The Babylonian Empires

Babylonian Numbers

GilgameshGilgamesh

Gilgamesh Epic Tablet: Flood Story

EGYPT “The Gift of the Nile” (Herodotus) EGYPT “The Gift of the Nile” (Herodotus) Look at the map and answer the following question: What did Herodotus mean when he said that Egypt is the “gift of the Nile?” Nile River Sahara Desert Because of the geography of the area, without the Nile River, there would be no Egypt.

The Annual Flooding of the Nile The Annual Flooding of the Nile 4,160 Miles Long The Annual Flooding of the Nile The Annual Flooding of the Nile 4,160 Miles Long

“Gifts of the Nile” Predictable flooding (Summer Time) Mild flooding therefore able to use river for irrigation Prevailing winds made trade possible both north and south on the river Rich deposits of clay, granite, sandstone & limestone used for building Silt deposits rich for farming papyrus used for mats, rope, sandals, baskets, paper

PeriodsTime Frame Nile Culture Begins3900 B. C. E. Old Kingdom2650 – 2134 B. C. E. Middle Kingdom2040 – 1640 B. C. E. New Kingdom1550 – 1070 B. C. E. Late Period750 – 332 B. C. E. Greek Ptolemaic Era332 – 30 B. C. E. Roman Period30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.

Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt ca ca B. C. E. ? ca ca B. C. E. ?

3 Kingdoms of Egypt Old Kingdom Old Kingdom Great time for Pyramid Building; Sphinx Great time for Pyramid Building; Sphinx Society divided into only upper and lower Society divided into only upper and lower Civil Wars destroy Civil Wars destroy B.C.

3 Kingdoms Cont’d Middle Kingdom Middle Kingdom Called the “Golden Age” b/c of Prosperity Called the “Golden Age” b/c of Prosperity Hyksos take over Egypt for a while Hyksos take over Egypt for a while Officially part of the Bronze Age now Officially part of the Bronze Age now B.C.

3 Kingdoms Cont’d New Kingdom New Kingdom Pushed Hyksos out Pushed Hyksos out New Slave Labor New Slave Labor Immense Wealth and Prosperity Immense Wealth and Prosperity Akhenaten tries to push Monotheism- (Aton- The Sun God) Akhenaten tries to push Monotheism- (Aton- The Sun God) B.C.

Egyptian Social Hierarchy Egyptian Social Hierarchy

Egyptians invented: Hieroglyphics Hieroglyphics Pyramids Pyramids Pyramids Geometry Geometry Geometry Advances in medicine and surgery Advances in medicine and surgery

Hieroglyphics Early Egyptian writing found on tombs was indecipherable. Early Egyptian writing found on tombs was indecipherable. Hieroglyphics Hieroglyphics Sacred Carving No one could read these sacred carvings until Napoleon invaded Egypt and his archaeologists found the Rosetta Stone.

Champollion and The Rosetta Stone

Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” phonetic symbols 24 “letters” phonetic symbols

Papyrus is one of the first examples of paper. It is created from reeds growing along the Nile River. Papyrus is one of the first examples of paper. It is created from reeds growing along the Nile River. Papyrus

Egyptian Gods & Goddesses: Egyptian Gods & Goddesses: Osiris Isis Horus Osiris Isis Horus

Preparations for the Underworld Preparations for the Underworld Priests protected your KA, or soul- spirit Priests protected your KA, or soul- spirit ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather. ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

The Final Judgement The Final Judgement Anubis Horus Osiris Anubis Horus Osiris

Preparation for the Afterlife Preparation for the Afterlife

Egyptian Mummies Egyptian Mummies Seti I B. C. E. Seti I B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II B. C. E. Ramses II B. C. E. Ramses II B. C. E.

Giza Pyramid Complex Giza Pyramid Complex

Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life

Ankhenaton: First Monotheist Ankhenaton: First Monotheist B. C. E B. C. E.

Indus River Valley (page 53) 2500 BC – 1500 BC Around 2600 B.C. the various regional cultures were united in what is called the Indus Valley Civilization. It is also commonly referred to as the Harappan culture after the town of Harappa (where it was first discovered.)

Excavations at the ancient Harappan and Mohenjo Daro mounds revealed well planned cities and towns built on massive mud brick platforms that protected the inhabitants against seasonal floods. In the larger cities the houses were built of baked brick while at smaller towns most houses were built of sun-dried mud brick. Each city is laid out in a grid pattern and shows signs of stunningly modern plumbing systems. Excavations at the ancient Harappan and Mohenjo Daro mounds revealed well planned cities and towns built on massive mud brick platforms that protected the inhabitants against seasonal floods. In the larger cities the houses were built of baked brick while at smaller towns most houses were built of sun-dried mud brick. Each city is laid out in a grid pattern and shows signs of stunningly modern plumbing systems. Much writing has been found at these sites, but it has not yet been translated.

Shang China 1600 BC – 1122 BC Lack of contact with foreigners helped give the Chinese a strong sense of identity and superiority. They regarded their land as the only civilized land and called it Zhongguo or the Middle Kingdom. This Chinese isolation contributed to the Chinese belief that China was at the center of the earth and the sole source of civilization. Lack of contact with foreigners helped give the Chinese a strong sense of identity and superiority. They regarded their land as the only civilized land and called it Zhongguo or the Middle Kingdom. This Chinese isolation contributed to the Chinese belief that China was at the center of the earth and the sole source of civilization.

The first true emperor of China, was Shi Huangdi.