Basic Circuits Foundations of Technology Basic Circuits © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology Teacher Resource – Unit 4 Lesson 4

The BIG Idea Big Idea: Troubleshooting allows users to continue to use and maintain the proper operation of a system or product. © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

Basic Circuits All electronic circuits have a path for electrons to flow and an energy source. Electrons will flow from the negative(-) to the positive(+). The amount of electron flow will depend on resistance. © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology - +

Direct Current Direct Current (DC) electrons flow in only one direction. Examples: a battery, hand held electronics such as an iPod and other devices like an automobile © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

Alternating Current Alternating Current (AC) electrons flow back and forth, negative (-) to positive (+) to negative (-) Examples: the electrical appliances at your house © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

The Atom All matter is made of atoms. The atom is made of three things: Protons Neutrons Electrons © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology P N P N P N N P e-

Electrons rotate around the group of proton and neutrons. When electrons move from one atom to the next, it is called electron flow. Electrons © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology P N P N P N N P e-

Opposite electrical charges always attract and like electrical charges always repel. Balanced atoms normally have an equal number of electrons and protons, which means they are electrically neutral. Electrons © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology P N P N P N N P e- e+e-

Ion particles occur when an atom loses or gains an electron causing an imbalance. When an imbalance occurs, Ion's will take or release an electron to become balanced again, causing electron flow. Ions © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology P N P N P N N P e-

Ion’s can be charged: Positive (+), which has one less electron than proton. Negative (-), which has one more electron than proton. The positive Ion attracts to a negative Ion to become balanced. Ions © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology P N P N P N N P e-

Electrons rotate around the atom at different orbits. Bound electrons orbit around the nucleus on the inner rings Free electrons are loosely held and orbit around the outermost ring which is known as the valance ring Electron Orbits © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology e- +

An insulator is any material that prevents the flow of electrons. Insulators typically have five to eight free electrons in the outer ring, which means they are tightly held to the atom and cannot easily move. Insulator material includes glass, rubber and plastic. Insulators © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology e- +

A conductor is any material that easily allows electrons to flow. Conductors typically have one to three free electrons in the outer ring, which means they are loosely held to the atom and can easily move. Conductor material includes copper and gold. Conductors © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology e- +

A semiconductor is neither a good conductor or insulator. Semiconductors have exactly four free electrons in the outer orbit and are commonly used to manufacture diodes, transistors, and integrated circuit chips. Semiconductor material includes carbon, silicon, and germanium. Semiconductors © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology e- +

Proposed by George Ohm, and is the relationship between Voltage, Current and Resistance. Ohm suggested that if you double the Voltage across something that provides resistance, then the current would double. Voltage (V) = Current (I) X Resistance (R) Ohm’s Law © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology - + V R I

Voltage is the electrical force that moves electrons through a conductor. Voltage is electrical pressure that pushes electrons. Voltage © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology V I R

Current is the quantity or flow rate of electrons moving past a point. Current flow is also known as amperage, or amps for short. Current © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology V I R

Resistance is the force that reduces or stops the flow of electrons and opposes voltage. Resistance © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology V I R

In a Series circuit, the current through two or more resistors is the same, and the circuit is connected in a series. The total resistance of the collection is the sum of the individual resistances. In series, electrons have only one path to follow to complete the circuit and must travel through all components. Resistors in Series © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

In a Parallel circuit, the voltage through two or more resistors is the same, and the circuit is connected in parallel. The total resistance of the collection is divided among the three resistors. In parallel, electrons have multiple paths to follow to complete the circuit and do not need to travel through all components in the circuit to do so. Resistors in Parallel © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

Parts of the Electronics Kit © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology 2 Battery Snaps Battery Spea ker SCR Capacitors Photocell Push Button Transist ors Diode 3 LED’s 555 Timer Potentiometer 15 Wires Solderless Breadboard

Parts of the Electronics Kit © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology LED Resistor 3904 Transistor Speaker Diode Photocell 3906 Transistor Push Button “Can” Capacitor Potentiometer Battery SCR Ceramic Disc Capacitor

Parts of the Electronics Kit © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology 10 ohm (Brown, Black, Black, Gold) 47 ohm (Yellow, Violet, Black, Gold) 100 ohm (Brown, Black, Brown, Gold) 220 ohm (Red, Red, Brown, Gold) 330 ohm (Orange, Orange Brown, Gold) 470 ohm (Yellow, Violet, Brown, Gold) 1K ohm (Brown, Black, Red, Gold) 2.2K ohm (Red, Red, Red, Gold) 3.3K ohm (Orange, Orange, Red, Gold) 6.8K ohm (Blue, Gray, Red, Gold) 10K ohm (Brown, Black, Orange, Gold) 16K ohm (Brown, Blue, Orange, Gold) 33K ohm (Orange, Orange, Orange, Gold) 120K ohm (Brown, Red, Yellow, Gold) 470K ohm (Yellow, Violet, Yellow, Gold)

Resistors have four (4) color bands on them called the “color code” Band 1 = 1st Digit Band 2 = 2nd Digit Band 3 = Multiplier. Band 4 = Tolerance Gold = 5% Silver = 10% Color Codes © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

The Breadboard includes two sides (a-e and f-j) and the “ditch” or the space in the middle. The holes are connected by rows not columns. Building a Circuit © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

Build the circuit below: Practice Building a Circuit © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology Volts R = 1000 Ohms I 1000 ohms resistor (brown, black, red, gold)

Use your simple circuit and measure for Volts, Current and Resistance. Practice Building a Circuit © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology Volts R I Use the multimeter to measure the resistance. Use the multimeter to measure voltage Place the digital multimeter in series to measure current ohms resistor (brown, black, red, gold)

Do the math using Ohm’s Law to find the actual value of the resistor - What does it measure? Practice Building a Circuit © 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology Volts R I Use the multimeter to measure the resistance. Use the multimeter to measure voltage Place the digital multimeter in series to measure current ohms resistor (brown, black, red, gold)