Species & Speciation Main Points for Class Meeting: Main Points for Class Meeting: 1. How do new species arise? 2. How do we organize species diversity? 3. How many species are there??

Review – Genetic Variation & Inheritance Track a trait based on what we learned in our last class session: Track a trait based on what we learned in our last class session: “Widow’s peak” is dominant “Widow’s peak” is dominant No widow’s peak is recessive No widow’s peak is recessive Example on board - Example on board -

What are some sources of genetic variation? Mutation Mutation Sexual reproduction – the sorting & recombination of genes from both parents leads to an almost endless set of different traits Sexual reproduction – the sorting & recombination of genes from both parents leads to an almost endless set of different traits Phenotypes & genotypes… Phenotypes & genotypes…

What happens when a species loses genetic diversity? Example: Example: The Cheetah

What – again – makes a species distinct? The Biological species concept: Species: A population whose members can interbreed to produce healthy, fertile offspring.

Via Speciation: Via Speciation: The keystone process in the formation of diversity in higher taxa. 1. How do new species arise? Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Two patterns of speciation: Two patterns of speciation: 1) Accumulation of changes as one species is transformed into another (= “vertical change” – Wilson ch. 5) Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 24.1a

Two patterns of speciation: Two patterns of speciation: 2) Branching evolution: the budding of new species from a parent species Which type increases diversity? Which type increases diversity? Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 24.1b

For new species to arise, gene flow between populations must be interrupted. For new species to arise, gene flow between populations must be interrupted. How might this occur? In your groups, discuss some possible mechanisms. How might this occur? In your groups, discuss some possible mechanisms. 1. How do new species arise? (cont’d) Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Allopatric speciation occurs when geographic separation of populations restricts gene flow. Fig. 24.6

Geological processes: isolate populations from each other Geological processes: isolate populations from each other E.g.: Mountain ranges, glaciers, land bridges, splintering of lakes… E.g.: Mountain ranges, glaciers, land bridges, splintering of lakes… OR, some individuals may colonize a new, geographically remote area and become isolated from the parent population. OR, some individuals may colonize a new, geographically remote area and become isolated from the parent population. e.g. Galapagos Islands e.g. Galapagos Islands Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

How significant a barrier must be to limit gene exchange depends on the mobility of organisms. How significant a barrier must be to limit gene exchange depends on the mobility of organisms. A geological feature that is only a minor hindrance to one species may be an impassible barrier to another. A geological feature that is only a minor hindrance to one species may be an impassible barrier to another. The valley of the Grand Canyon is a significant barrier for ground squirrels which have speciated on opposite sides, but birds which can move freely have no barrier. The valley of the Grand Canyon is a significant barrier for ground squirrels which have speciated on opposite sides, but birds which can move freely have no barrier. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 24.7

When populations come back in contact they may or may not interbreed and produce fertile offspring. When populations come back in contact they may or may not interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Has speciation occurred in the 2 scenes below? Has speciation occurred in the 2 scenes below? Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 24.8

This is the area of biology called Phylogeny This is the area of biology called Phylogeny We make “family trees” We make “family trees” 2. How do we organize species diversity? Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

What is the taxonomic hierarchy used by biologists to organize diversity? Mnemonic device for remembering the levels of the hierarchy…? Mnemonic device for remembering the levels of the hierarchy…?

3 Domains

6 (+?) Kingdoms DOMAIN ARCHAEA

Assignment: Choose an organism you know or have found (on campus, at your home, somewhere you’ve visited) Choose an organism you know or have found (on campus, at your home, somewhere you’ve visited) Figure out what it is, as closely as possible Figure out what it is, as closely as possible Make a “Family Tree” for your organism – classify it according the taxonomic hierarchy, to the lowest level you can! Make a “Family Tree” for your organism – classify it according the taxonomic hierarchy, to the lowest level you can!

How many known species are there? (approximately…) (Wilson ch.8) How many known species are there? (approximately…) (Wilson ch.8) What proportion of species have we probably described? What proportion of species have we probably described? Why are we so uncertain about the numbers of species on Earth? Why are we so uncertain about the numbers of species on Earth? 3. How Many Species?

Examples of groups of organisms that are mostly unknown Examples of groups of organisms that are mostly unknown Why is this the case? Why is this the case? 3. How Many Species?

Species diversity can be measured at 3 scales, for comparison of sites in different areas Species diversity can be measured at 3 scales, for comparison of sites in different areas (3. How Many Species?) Alpha (local) & gamma (regional) diversity, & beta diversity or turn-over between sites