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Presentation transcript:

What is this?

Teosinte grass

This slide from: Previous slide from:

From NOVA: The Hippocratic Oath Todaywww.pbs.org Hippocrates

Aristotle From en.wikipedia.com/wiki/Aristotle

Anton van Leeuwenhoek From

Carl von Linnè (Linnaeus) From

Jena-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet Chevalier de Lamark (Lamark) From

Charles Lyell From

From (left) From (right) Charles Darwin

From the-hms-beagle-and-charles-darwin-on-the-shores-of-the-galapagos-islands-picture-essay-of-the-day/ The Beagle

Alfred Wallace From

Francis Galton From

From (left) Karl Pearson From (right) Ronald Fisher English Biometry

From Gregor Mendel

Mendel’s pea phenotypes

1866: Ernst Haeckle: Nucleus is the seat of heredity 1880s: August Weissman, Wilheln Roux, Theodor Boveri: Chromosomes contain the hereditary material. 1870s: Walther Flemming, Edouard Van Beneden: Chromosomes identified. Early Cell Biology 1665: Robert Hooke: First cell described : Schwann, Virchow et al: Cell theory developed (You do not need to know these names!)

Thomas Hunt Morgan From

Drosophila Phylogeny From

Social Darwinism Application of principles of evolution to societies Predates “Origin of Species” (philosophical works by Herbert Spencer and others) Concepts of competition and genetic superiority /inferiority Justified nationalism and colonialism Most extreme example: Nazi philosophy

Eugenics Long history in many cultures (infanticide as a form of selection) Plato: state regulated marriage and reproduction Francis Galton: modern concept and term Encourage those with desirable traits to reproduce; discourage those with undesirable traits from reproducing In early days, weakly correlated with political views

Two U.S. Examples: 1) Compulsory Sterilization 1907 Indianna By 1950, around half the states Practice varied immensely Buck v Bell 2) Immigration restriction Initially US had almost unrestricted immigration 1870s onward: restrictions on Asian immigrants Early 1900s: restrictions on indigents, unhealthy 1920s: restrictions based on nationality

Charles Davenport From

Carrie Buck From

Harry Hamilton Laughlin From

From Adolph Hitler

Nazi Social Darwinism and Eugenics 1920: Racial superiority/inferiority present at its origin 1925: Mein Kampf 1933: Hitler elected as Chancellor 1933 on: Series of laws on Racial classification Job and marriage restrictions Compulsory sterilization 1939: Invasion of Poland 1939: Euthanasia program 1941: Invasion of Soviet Union Large scale genocide 1942: Official plans for “the final solution” Wannsee conference  death camps

From Trofim Lysenko

Lysenkoism 1930s: poor harvests in Soviet Union Lysenko promised quick and radical solutions Genetics = “capitalistic Mendelian-Morgonian science” Theory based on Marxist principles (dialectical materialism) Vernalization Appointed head of Soviet agriculture Purge of geneticists Great harm to Soviet agriculture Influenced waned after Stalin’s death (1953)

From Grant, P.R. & Grant, B.R. (2002). Science. 296: