Chapter One Introduction to Windows XP

Objectives Describe the Windows XP product family Describe the Windows XP product family Describe the major features of the Windows XP environment Describe the major features of the Windows XP environment Understand the Windows XP intelligent user interface Understand the Windows XP intelligent user interface Define the minimum system requirements for Windows XP Professional Define the minimum system requirements for Windows XP Professional Understand the two major networking models under which Windows XP can be used Understand the two major networking models under which Windows XP can be used Understand the architecture of Windows XP Understand the architecture of Windows XP

The Microsoft Networking Family A collection of operating systems (OS) A collection of operating systems (OS) Each OS offers the capability of participating in a network as either: Each OS offers the capability of participating in a network as either: A server A server A client A client

Windows XP Family Currently consists of two products: Currently consists of two products: Windows XP Professional Windows XP Professional Standalone or network client version Standalone or network client version Windows XP Home Windows XP Home Designed for standalone home use Designed for standalone home use

Some Other Microsoft Client Operating Systems Windows 2000 Professional Windows 2000 Professional Windows NT 4.0 Workstation Windows NT 4.0 Workstation Windows Me Windows Me Windows SE Windows SE Windows 98 Windows 98 Windows 95 Windows 95 Windows for Workgroups Windows for Workgroups

The Windows XP Environment Hybrid of: Hybrid of: Windows 2000 Windows 2000 Windows ME Windows ME Combines Windows 2000 core reliability and security with Windows Me plug and play capability and connectivity Combines Windows 2000 core reliability and security with Windows Me plug and play capability and connectivity

Multiple Processors Windows XP Professional supports true multiprocessing Windows XP Professional supports true multiprocessing Support for up to two CPUs is included in every standard version Support for up to two CPUs is included in every standard version Windows XP Home can support only a single CPU Windows XP Home can support only a single CPU

Multitasking Mode of CPU operation in which a computer processes more than one task at a time Mode of CPU operation in which a computer processes more than one task at a time Windows XP supports two types of multitasking: Windows XP supports two types of multitasking: Preemptive multitasking Preemptive multitasking Cooperative multitasking Cooperative multitasking Windows 3.X, which runs on MS-DOS, is one of the most familiar examples of this type of environment Windows 3.X, which runs on MS-DOS, is one of the most familiar examples of this type of environment

Multithreading Refers to a code design in which individual tasks within a single process space can operate more or less independently as separate, lightweight execution modules called threads Refers to a code design in which individual tasks within a single process space can operate more or less independently as separate, lightweight execution modules called threads Within a process, all threads share the same memory and system resources Within a process, all threads share the same memory and system resources Multithreading allows an operating system to execute multiple threads from a single application concurrently Multithreading allows an operating system to execute multiple threads from a single application concurrently

File Systems Windows XP supports three file systems used to format volumes/partitions on hard drives: Windows XP supports three file systems used to format volumes/partitions on hard drives: FAT (File Allocation Table) FAT (File Allocation Table) Also known as FAT16 Also known as FAT16 FAT32 FAT32 NTFS NTFS Preferred files system for Windows XP Preferred files system for Windows XP

Active Directory Control and administration mechanism of Windows XP Control and administration mechanism of Windows XP Supported by Windows 2000 or Windows.NET Server to create, sustain, and administer a domain or group of related domains Supported by Windows 2000 or Windows.NET Server to create, sustain, and administer a domain or group of related domains Combines the various aspects of a network into a manageable hierarchical structure Combines the various aspects of a network into a manageable hierarchical structure

Security Windows XP was developed to address the following three security needs: Windows XP was developed to address the following three security needs: Enterprise isolation Enterprise isolation Multilevel security Multilevel security Auditing and resource tracking Auditing and resource tracking Isolation of hardware-dependent code Isolation of hardware-dependent code

Compatibility Windows XP supports the following application types: Windows XP supports the following application types: DOS 16-bit DOS 16-bit Native 32-bit ( Win 32 ) Native 32-bit ( Win 32 ) Windows 3.1 and Windows for Workgroups 16-bit ( Win 16 ) Windows 3.1 and Windows for Workgroups 16-bit ( Win 16 )

Storage Windows XP Professional supports huge amounts of hard disk and memory space: Windows XP Professional supports huge amounts of hard disk and memory space: RAM RAM 4 GB 4 GB Hard disk space Hard disk space 2 TB for NTFS volumes, 32 GB for FAT32 volumes, and 4 GB for FAT16 volumes 2 TB for NTFS volumes, 32 GB for FAT32 volumes, and 4 GB for FAT16 volumes

Connectivity Windows XP core OS supports a wide variety of networking protocols: Windows XP core OS supports a wide variety of networking protocols: NWLink NWLink Microsoft’s 32-bit implementation of Novell’s NetWare native protocol stack, IPX/SPX Microsoft’s 32-bit implementation of Novell’s NetWare native protocol stack, IPX/SPX TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) Set of protocols used on the Internet Set of protocols used on the Internet

Connectivity Windows XP is compatible with many existing network types and environments and has native support for the following: Windows XP is compatible with many existing network types and environments and has native support for the following: TCP/IP intranets/Internet TCP/IP intranets/Internet Integrated remote access networks Integrated remote access networks Macintosh networks Macintosh networks Microsoft networks Microsoft networks Enhanced NetWare Connectivity Enhanced NetWare Connectivity

Other Characteristics of Windows XP Environment System recovery System recovery Boasts broadest system recovery mechanisms of any Windows OS to date Boasts broadest system recovery mechanisms of any Windows OS to date Remote capabilities Remote capabilities Builds on networking capabilities of Windows product line by introducing more options for remote connectivity Builds on networking capabilities of Windows product line by introducing more options for remote connectivity Help and support services Help and support services Boasts the most comprehensive help system in a Windows OS Boasts the most comprehensive help system in a Windows OS

Intelligent User Interface Figure 1-1: The Windows XP start menu

Windows XP Professional Hardware Requirements Microsoft-defined minimum requirements: Microsoft-defined minimum requirements: 233 MHz CPU or higher microprocessor 233 MHz CPU or higher microprocessor 64 MB of RAM 64 MB of RAM 1.5 GB of free space 1.5 GB of free space SVGA or higher resolution monitor SVGA or higher resolution monitor Keyboard Keyboard Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device

Windows XP Professional Hardware Requirements Requirements if installing from a CD-ROM: Requirements if installing from a CD-ROM: CD-ROM or DVD drive CD-ROM or DVD drive High-density 3.5 inch disk drive (not required in all circumstances) High-density 3.5 inch disk drive (not required in all circumstances) Requirements if installing over a network: Requirements if installing over a network: Windows XP-compatible NIC and related cable Windows XP-compatible NIC and related cable Access to network share that contains setup files Access to network share that contains setup files

Hardware Compatibility List Contains all known Windows XP-compatible hardware devices Contains all known Windows XP-compatible hardware devices Finding the HCL Finding the HCL Easiest place to look is on Windows XP CD-ROM in the Support folder Easiest place to look is on Windows XP CD-ROM in the Support folder Keep in mind the HCL is not a static document Keep in mind the HCL is not a static document

Why the HCL Is Important Windows XP controls hardware directly Windows XP controls hardware directly Does not require a PC’s BIOS Does not require a PC’s BIOS Means that Windows XP works only with devices and drivers written specifically for it Means that Windows XP works only with devices and drivers written specifically for it Microsoft’s technical support policy is that any hardware not on the HCL is not supported for Windows XP Microsoft’s technical support policy is that any hardware not on the HCL is not supported for Windows XP

Preparing a Computer to Meet Upgrade Requirements Steps to verify components of a computer match or exceed minimum system requirements defined by Microsoft: Steps to verify components of a computer match or exceed minimum system requirements defined by Microsoft: Open computer case Open computer case Make a list of all present components Make a list of all present components For each of the hardware requirements of Windows XP, verify that the component in your computer meets or exceeds requirements For each of the hardware requirements of Windows XP, verify that the component in your computer meets or exceeds requirements

Preparing a Computer to Meet Upgrade Requirements Steps to verify components of a computer match or exceed minimum system requirements defined by Microsoft (cont.): Steps to verify components of a computer match or exceed minimum system requirements defined by Microsoft (cont.): For each additional component, found in the computer, verify it is listed on the HCL For each additional component, found in the computer, verify it is listed on the HCL Remove any non-HCL compliant devices and replace them with HCL-compliant devices Remove any non-HCL compliant devices and replace them with HCL-compliant devices Proceed with your system installation Proceed with your system installation

Workgroup Models Networking setup in which users are managed jointly through use of workgroups to which users are assigned Networking setup in which users are managed jointly through use of workgroups to which users are assigned Also known as a peer-to-peer network Also known as a peer-to-peer network Microsoft’s workgroup model for networking distributes resources, administration, and security throughout a network Microsoft’s workgroup model for networking distributes resources, administration, and security throughout a network

Workgroup Models Table 1-1: Pros and Cons of Workgroup Networks

Domain Model Networking setup in which there is centralized administrative and security control Networking setup in which there is centralized administrative and security control One or more servers are dedicated to task of controlling the domain by providing access and authentication for shared domain resources to member computers One or more servers are dedicated to task of controlling the domain by providing access and authentication for shared domain resources to member computers No matter how many computers it contains, any Windows domain requires at least one domain controller (DC) No matter how many computers it contains, any Windows domain requires at least one domain controller (DC)

Domain Model Table 1-2: Pros and Cons of Domain Networks

Windows XP Architecture Windows XP internal organization and architecture deeply influence its capabilities and behavior Windows XP internal organization and architecture deeply influence its capabilities and behavior Windows XP is a modular operating system Windows XP is a modular operating system Windows XP is not built as a single large program Windows XP is not built as a single large program No two modules share any code No two modules share any code

Windows XP Architecture All Windows XP processes operate in one of two modes: All Windows XP processes operate in one of two modes: User mode User mode Kernel mode Kernel mode A mode represents a certain level of system and hardware access A mode represents a certain level of system and hardware access Windows XP is an object-oriented operating system Windows XP is an object-oriented operating system In user mode, any request for a system resource ultimately becomes a request for a particular object In user mode, any request for a system resource ultimately becomes a request for a particular object

User Mode Area in which private user applications and their respective subsystems lie Area in which private user applications and their respective subsystems lie All user interaction with a Windows XP system occurs through one user mode process All user interaction with a Windows XP system occurs through one user mode process In addition to supporting native 32-bit Windows APIs (application programming interfaces), a variety of user mode subsystems enable Windows XP to emulate Win16 and DOS environments In addition to supporting native 32-bit Windows APIs (application programming interfaces), a variety of user mode subsystems enable Windows XP to emulate Win16 and DOS environments

Kernel Mode Level where objects can be manipulated only by threads directly from an application subsystem Level where objects can be manipulated only by threads directly from an application subsystem Kernel Kernel Core of the Microsoft Windows XP operating system Core of the Microsoft Windows XP operating system Designed to facilitate all activity within the Executive Services Designed to facilitate all activity within the Executive Services

Executive Services Interfaces that permit kernel and user mode subsystems to communicate Interfaces that permit kernel and user mode subsystems to communicate Windows XP Executive Services consist of several modules: Windows XP Executive Services consist of several modules: I/O Manager I/O Manager Security reference Monitor (SRM) Security reference Monitor (SRM) Internal Procedure Call (IPC) Manager Internal Procedure Call (IPC) Manager

Executive Services Windows XP Executive Services consist of several modules (cont.): Windows XP Executive Services consist of several modules (cont.): Virtual Memory Manager (VMM) Virtual Memory Manager (VMM) Process Manager Process Manager Plug and Play Manager Plug and Play Manager Power Manager Power Manager

Executive Services Windows XP Executive Services consist of several modules (cont.): Windows XP Executive Services consist of several modules (cont.): Windows Manager Windows Manager File Systems Manager File Systems Manager Object Manager Object Manager Graphics device drivers Graphics device drivers

Executive Services I/O Manager is composed of the following components: I/O Manager is composed of the following components: Cache Manager Cache Manager Network drivers Network drivers Device drivers Device drivers

Executive Services Internal Procedure Call (IPC) Manager controls application communications with server processes such as the Win32 subsystem Internal Procedure Call (IPC) Manager controls application communications with server processes such as the Win32 subsystem This makes applications behave as if dynamic link library calls were handled directly This makes applications behave as if dynamic link library calls were handled directly Helps to explain the outstanding ability of Windows XP to emulate 16-bit DOS and Windows runtime environments Helps to explain the outstanding ability of Windows XP to emulate 16-bit DOS and Windows runtime environments

Executive Services Virtual Memory Manager (VMM) Virtual Memory Manager (VMM) Keeps track of the addressable memory space in the Windows XP environment Keeps track of the addressable memory space in the Windows XP environment This includes both physical RAM and one or more paging files on disk, which are called virtual memory This includes both physical RAM and one or more paging files on disk, which are called virtual memory

Executive Services Object Manager maintains following system objects: Object Manager maintains following system objects: Directory objects Directory objects ObjectType objects ObjectType objects Link objects Link objects Event objects Event objects

Executive Services Object Manager maintains following system objects (cont.): Object Manager maintains following system objects (cont.): Process and thread objects Process and thread objects Port objects Port objects File objects File objects

The Kernel The Hardware Abstraction Layer Kernel Kernel All processes in windows XP consist of one or more threads coordinated and scheduled by the kernel All processes in windows XP consist of one or more threads coordinated and scheduled by the kernel Hardware abstraction layer (HAL) Hardware abstraction layer (HAL) Goal of the HAL is to isolate any hardware- dependent code in order to prevent direct access to hardware Goal of the HAL is to isolate any hardware- dependent code in order to prevent direct access to hardware

Memory Architecture Memory architecture of Windows XP helps make this operating system robust, reliable, and powerful Memory architecture of Windows XP helps make this operating system robust, reliable, and powerful Windows XP uses a flat 32-bit memory model Windows XP uses a flat 32-bit memory model It is based on a virtual memory, demand paging method that is a flat, linear address space of up to 2 GB allocated to each 32-bit application It is based on a virtual memory, demand paging method that is a flat, linear address space of up to 2 GB allocated to each 32-bit application The unit of memory that the VMM manipulates is called a page The unit of memory that the VMM manipulates is called a page

Chapter Summary Windows XP Professional and Windows XP Home are both related to the up-and-coming Windows.NET Server product line Windows XP Professional and Windows XP Home are both related to the up-and-coming Windows.NET Server product line The HCL lists all devices known to be compatible with Windows XP The HCL lists all devices known to be compatible with Windows XP Windows XP can participate in either of two networking models: Windows XP can participate in either of two networking models: Workgroup Workgroup Domain Domain

Chapter Summary Windows XP is based on a modular programming technique Windows XP is based on a modular programming technique Windows XP virtual memory model combines the use of both physical RAM and paging files into a demand paging mechanism to maximize memory use and efficiency Windows XP virtual memory model combines the use of both physical RAM and paging files into a demand paging mechanism to maximize memory use and efficiency