Neurohistology.

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Presentation transcript:

Neurohistology

Neuron Components Two parts of the neuron Dendrites Cell body (soma) Neurites Axons (one) Dendrites (many) Dendrites Some have dendritic spines that receive some types of synaptic input Sensitive to type and amount of synaptic activity Sensitive to quality of early environment Research by Purpura Mental retardation (MR) is from failure of normal circuits to form in brain Dendritic spines of children with MR look like those of human fetus Impoverished environment in critical period can lead to less dendritic spine formation deprivation-induced changes in brain can be reversed if intervention occurs early From: Bear, Connors, Paradiso. Neuroscience Exploring the Brain, 2007.

Classification of Neurons Based on number or neurites extending from soma Unipolar (1) Bipolar (2) Multipolar (most neurons) Based on dendrites, e.g. in cerebral cortex Stellate cells (star shaped) Pyramidal cells (pyramid shaped) From: Bear, Connors, Paradiso. Neuroscience Exploring the Brain, 2007.

Classification of Neurons Based on connections Primary sensory Primary motor Interneurons (connect only with other neurons) Based on axon length Golgi type I extend from one part of brain to another (e.g. pyramidal cells) Golgi type II are more local (e.g. stellate cells that never extend beyond cerebral cortex) Based on neurotransmitter Cholinergic, i.e. cells that release acetylcholine Used in the motor system to command voluntary movements

Glia (support cells) Astrocytes Role of astrocytes Most common glia Fill most of brain space not occupied by neurons Role of astrocytes Regulate chemical content of extracellular space around neurons E.g. envelop synaptic junctions thereby limiting spread of neurotransmitter Can remove neurotransmitter from synaptic cleft Possess neurotransmitter receptors and can trigger electrical and biochemical events (new discovery – not sure of exact function yet) From: Bear, Connors, Paradiso. Neuroscience Exploring the Brain, 2007.

Myelinated Glia Myelin spiral around axon to form the myelin sheath Myelin sheath is interrupted periodically by nodes of Ranvier Oligodendrocytes (in CNS) Can myelinate several neurons Schwann cells (in PNS) Only myelinates one neuron Cross section of optic nerve myelinated fibers From: Bear, Connors, Paradiso. Neuroscience Exploring the Brain, 2007.

Other Non-Neuronal Cells Microglia Function as phagocytes to remove debris from degenerating neurons and glia Ependymal cells Line the fluid filled ventricles Play role in directing cell migration during brain development