Nonferrous Alloys

l Aluminum Alloys l Magnesium and Beryllium Alloys l Copper Alloys l Nickel and Cobalt Alloys l Titanium Alloys l Refractory and Precious Metals

Aluminum Alloys

©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Portion of the aluminum-magnesium phase diagram. Aluminum Alloys

Sand-cast 443 aluminum alloy containing coarse silicon and inclusions. (b) Permanent-mold 443 alloy containing fine dendrite cells and fine silicon due to faster cooling. (c) Die-cast 443 alloy with a still finer microstructure (  350). (From ASM Handbook, Vol. 7, (1972), ASM International, Materials Park, OH ) Aluminum Alloys

 Magnesium alloys are used in aerospace applications, high-speed machinery, and transportation and materials handling equipment.  Instrument grade beryllium is used in inertial guidance systems where the elastic deformation must be minimal; structural grades are used in aerospace applications; and nuclear applications take advantage of the transparency of beryllium to electromagnetic radiation. Beryllium is expensive, brittle, reactive, and toxic. Magnesium and Beryllium Alloys

©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The magnesium-aluminum phase diagram. Magnesium Alloys

 Blister copper - An impure form of copper obtained during the copper refining process.  Applications for copper-based alloys include electrical components (such as wire), pumps, valves, and plumbing parts, where these properties are used to advantage.  Brass - A group of copper-based alloys, normally containing zinc as the major alloying element.  Bronze - Generally, copper alloys containing tin, can contain other elements. Copper Alloys

 Nickel and cobalt alloys are used for corrosion protection and for high-temperature resistance, taking advantage of their high melting points and high strengths.  Superalloys - A group of nickel, iron-nickel, and cobalt-based alloys that have exceptional heat resistance, creep resistance, and corrosion resistance. Nickel and Cobalt Alloys

©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The effect of temperature on the tensile strength of several nickel-based alloys. Nickel and Cobalt Alloys

Microstructure of a superalloy, with carbides at the grain boundaries and γ΄ precipitates in the matrix (  15,000). (b) Microstructure of a superalloy aged at two temperatures, producing both large and small cubical γ΄ precipitates (  10,000). (ASM Handbook, Vol. 9, Metallography and Microstructure (1985), ASM International, Materials Park, OH ) Nickel and Cobalt Alloys

 Titanium’s excellent corrosion resistance provides applications in chemical processing equipment, marine components, and biomedical implants such as hip prostheses.  Titanium is an important aerospace material, finding applications as airframe and jet engine components.  Titanium alloys are considered biocompatible (i.e., they are not rejected by the body). Titanium Alloys

©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The effect of temperature on the yield strength of selected titanium alloys. Titanium Alloys

 Refractory metals – These include tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, and niobium (or columbium), have exceptionally high- melting temperatures (above 1925 o C) and, consequently, have the potential for high-temperature service.  Applications of Refractory metals include filaments for light bulbs, rocket nozzles, nuclear power generators, tantalum- and niobium- based electronic capacitors, and chemical processing equipment.  Precious Metals - These include gold, silver, palladium, platinum, and rhodium.From an engineering viewpoint, these materials resist corrosion and make very good conductors of electricity. Refractory and Precious Metals

Cobalt-Chromium Alloys Dental Metals - Amalgam 65% silver (minimum) 29% tin, 6% copper, 2% zinc, 3% mercury (maximum) % mercury - 45 % silver 15 % tin Dental Metals - Gold Nickel-Titanium Alloys Tantalum, Platinum and other noble metals Dental Metals