KNR 497 Foundations Slide 1 Introduction to research methods 2: Foundations continued 1

 Types of relationships  Their nature  Correlation and Causality  Mediation/Moderation  Patterns of relationships  None/positive/negative/curvilinear 3 KNR 497 Foundations Slide 2 Foundations of research 1 2 4

1 KNR 497 Foundations Slide 3 Figure 1-1 Four Types of Possible Relationships...and no relationship, of course

4 1 KNR 497 Foundations Slide 4 Foundations of research  Hypotheses  A specific statement of prediction  Inductive vs. deductive research  Deductive has ‘em, inductive often doesn’t  Types  Alternative vs. null  One-tailed vs. two-tailed  Hypothetical-deductive model  2 mutually exclusive statements (null, alternative)  Tests designed to specify which can be rejected and which cannot 2 3

1 KNR 497 Foundations Slide 5 Foundations of research  Types of data  Qualitative vs. quantitative  More a case of philosophical difference than numerical difference (in the better debates, at least)  The unit of analysis  Group vs. Individual vs. Artifact vs. Geographical unit vs. Social interaction  Hierarchical modeling 2

KNR 497 Foundations Slide 6 Foundations of research  Rationale of research  Structure of research  See figure 1.4 (next slide) 1

KNR 497 Foundations Slide 7 Figure 1-4 The Hourglass Metaphor for the Research Process 1

1 KNR 497 Foundations Slide 8 Foundations of research  Structure of research  Components of a study  Research Problem  Research Question  The treatment (or program/event – the purported cause)  The sample (the unit)  The outcome (purported effect of treatment)  The design

KNR 497 Foundations Slide 9 Foundations of research  Deduction vs. induction (see next 2 slides)

KNR 497 Foundations Slide 10 Deductive Reasoning (example) 1

KNR 497 Foundations Slide 11 Inductive Reasoning (example) 1

1 KNR 497 Foundations Slide 12 Foundations of research  Fallacies  A variety of errors of either logic or premise strength that can result in weak arguments being formed.  Beyond the remit of this course, but very important nonetheless for good research papers  Examples:  Ecological fallacy: Mistaken conclusions about an individual based on analysis of group data  Exception fallacy: Reaching a group conclusion on the basis of exceptional cases (e.g., racism)