DONE BY: TAN WEN LIANG BONE REGENERATION

INTRODUCTION Bone possess the great ability to regenerate as part of the repair process in response to injury, growth, which is skeletal development, as well as continuous remodelling throughout our life Bone loss is a major health care problem worldwide and it represents 10% of annual health care expenditures.

INTRODUCTION Bones are a mineral reservoir in our bodies, whereby endocrine systems regulate the level of calcium and phosphate ions in the circulating body fluids. Bones support the body to keep it upright and plays an important role to us. Bone is a dynamic tissue

BONE STRUCTURE Bones’ structures can be altered or affected by genetic, metabolic and mechanical factors Some bones are meant to support weight, such as the femur, which is a hollow and thick-walled tubes Other bones which are broad and flat, such as the scapula, to anchor large muscles masses

BONE STRUCTURE All bones consist of a basic double structure, which consists of the cortex, the outer layer, and the cancellous bone on the interior

CORTEX BONE Smooth, dense and continous Protects the cancellous bone on the inside

CANCELLOUS BONE Cancellous bone is arranged in a network of intersecting plates and spicules varying in amount and enclosing spaces. These bones are filled with blood vessels and marrow, either red or yellow

BONE RENEWAL Firstly, the bone will grow, together with the body After growth completion, the bone will start remodeling There will be a coordinated cycle of tissue resorption and formation over extensive regions of bone and prolonged periods, without affecting the shape and density of the bones

BONE RENEWAL There will be physical remodelling, removal, and replacement of bone during one’s life Due to these remodelling, bones are able to be repaired up easily to a size called the critical defects, which is defined as defects that will not heal in a person’s or animal’s lifetime

BONE RENEWAL Thus, this is where human has to step in and help to stimulate and help the healing

BONE REGENERATION (CAUSES) Fracture healing Large bone defects caused by: - trauma - infection - tumor resection - skeletal abnormalities (rare)

NANO-ENHANCED CELL REGENERATION AND GENE THERAPY Discovered by researches at Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland A new way to repair bones by combining synthetic bone graft substitution material and gene therapy Tricks cells in the body to produce more bone producing proteins (BMPs), and encouraging the regrowth of healthy bone tissue

NANO-ENHANCED CELL REGENERATION AND GENE THERAPY It uses a unique platform, made from collagen and nano-sized particles of hydroxyapatite, to attract the cells to the damaged area and regenerate large area of bones that have been lost due to disease or trauma

OLDER CLINICAL APPROACHES Other ways: autologous bone grafts allografts bone-graft substitutes Masquelet technique

LIMITATIONS OF OLDER APPROACHES controversial reports on its effectiveness and their cost-effectiveness no heterologous or synthetic bone substitutes available previously that is better than or even have the same biological or mechanical properties compared with bone of the human body

BIBLIOGRAPHY nanomedicine-regeneration.html nanomedicine-regeneration.html