GeneticDevelopmentTreatments

Genetics - 10 This reproduction method allows the mutated genes in eukaryotes to get passed on to offspring.

Meiosis

Genetics- 20 This mutation is inherited and is present in the egg or sperm that formed the child. Although it’s found in only a few cancers, this mutation can passed to the next generation.

Germline

Genetics- 30 Why do inherited cancers occur earlier in life than cancers caused environmentally?

When someone has inherited an abnormal copy of a gene, their cells already start out with one mutation, making it easier for enough mutations to build up for a cell to become cancerous.

Genetics- 40 What is penetrance, and why do inherited mutations that have incomplete penetrance lead to cancer?

Penetrance: the proportion of dominant genes carrying a mutation who will have the trait, syndrome, or disease Since incomplete penetrance means that not everyone with the mutation will get cancer, there needs to be one more mutation in the gene for it to stop working.

Genetics- 50 What is one difference in cancer causation between tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes?

Oncogenes result from the activation (turning on) of proto-oncogenes, but tumor suppressor genes cause cancer when they are inactivated (turned off).

Development- 10 The cell’s failure to do this, a way to commit suicide when the DNA is damaged, causes the spread of cancer cells.

Answer 2 – 10 Apoptosis

Question This enzyme found in 90% of all cancer cells, allow for the continuation of cell division by adding these at the end of chromosomes whenever they are depleted after cell division.

Telomerase Telomeres

Development- 30 In cancerous cells, this checkpoint which ensures that all chromosomes have been correctly replicated and that DNA is not damged, is skipped.

G2 checkpoint

Development- 40 These protein that regulate sister chromatids separation during cell division is unfunctional in some cancer cells.

Cohesin Proteins

Development- 50 Name one environmental cause of cancer and one behavioral cause of cancer

X-Rays UV Radiation Microwaves Smoking Excessive use of alcohol

Treatment- 10 This method for treating cancer involves blasting high energy rays at a specific cancerous site.

Radiation

Treatment- 20 This treatment of disease by the use of chemical substances, especially the treatment of cancer by cytotoxic and other drugs.

Chemotherapy

Treatment- 30 Scientists are trying to find ways to restore this mutated gene in cancerous cells which stops the cell cycle for DNA repair

P53

Treatment- 40 What gets removed during a colonoscopy? Is this preventive?

Precancerous polyps are removed during a colonoscopy as a preventive measure.

Treatment - 50 Give three side effects of cancer.

Hair loss Sexual infertility Nausea Vomiting Infections