PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages:

Europe in the 6c

Charlemagne: 742 to 814

Charlemagne’s Empire

Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

The Carolingian Renaissance

Carolingian Miniscule

Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses: Treaty of Verdun, 843

FeudalismFeudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

Setting Out on Crusade

Christian Crusades: East and West

Holy Roman Empire

Not necessarily Holy, but deferred to and “protected” the PopeNot necessarily Holy, but deferred to and “protected” the Pope Not necessarily Roman, but GermanNot necessarily Roman, but German Not necessarily an Empire, but a collection of German “Principalities” (from “Prince”)Not necessarily an Empire, but a collection of German “Principalities” (from “Prince”) Christianity the unifying force all over EuropeChristianity the unifying force all over Europe “Excommunication” and “Interdict” kept kings and princes in line“Excommunication” and “Interdict” kept kings and princes in line

Holy Roman Empire Otto the GreatOtto the Great –Used clergy to offset power of nobles. Built up monasteries and allied with abbots. –Crowned King in 936, crowned emperor in 962 after invasion of Italy Henry IVHenry IV –Lay investiture problems – banned by Pope in 1075 –Concordat of Worms – veto power of Pope

Frederick I “Barbarossa” First to call lands “Holy Roman Empire” after elected by German princesFirst to call lands “Holy Roman Empire” after elected by German princes Invaded Italy’s rich cities; merchants and Pope vs BarbarossaInvaded Italy’s rich cities; merchants and Pope vs Barbarossa 1176 – crossbow-wielding Lombard League soldiers at Legnano defeated Feudal Knights – 1 st time!1176 – crossbow-wielding Lombard League soldiers at Legnano defeated Feudal Knights – 1 st time! Weakening of “king” in Germany, but strengthening of lands in France and England…Weakening of “king” in Germany, but strengthening of lands in France and England…

The Rise of European Monarchies: England

William the Conqueror: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry)

Evolution of England’s Political System  Henry I:  William’s son.  set up a court system.  Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.  Henry II:  established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.  grand jury.  trial by jury.

Magna Carta, 1215  King John I   Runnymeade  “Great Charter”  monarchs were not above the law.  kings had to consult a council of advisors.  kings could not tax arbitrarily.

The Beginnings of the British Parliament  Great Council:  middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.  eventually called Parliament.  by 1400, two chambers evolved: o House of Lords  nobles & clergy. o House of Commons  knights and burgesses.

The Rise of European Monarchies: France

Feudalism meets Monarchy English Kings (Plantagenets) own lands in France (Aquitaine, for example).English Kings (Plantagenets) own lands in France (Aquitaine, for example). Are Kings of England vassals to the French Crown (Capetians)?Are Kings of England vassals to the French Crown (Capetians)? Tough questions, when England and France are gaining identities as “Frenchmen” and “Englishmen” rather than “Franks” or “Angles” or “Saxons” or “Burgundians.”Tough questions, when England and France are gaining identities as “Frenchmen” and “Englishmen” rather than “Franks” or “Angles” or “Saxons” or “Burgundians.”

Gothic Architectural Style e Pointed arches. e High, narrow vaults. e Thinner walls. e Flying buttresses. e Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors. e Stained-glass windows. “Flying” Buttresses

Commerce and Nationalism Rise of a commercial class leads to a strengthening of trade and commerce.Rise of a commercial class leads to a strengthening of trade and commerce. Goods and ideas exchanged, time of “revolution” away from feudalism and to nation-states with powerful commercial interestsGoods and ideas exchanged, time of “revolution” away from feudalism and to nation-states with powerful commercial interests Along with destruction of Feudal chivalry on the Crusades, new trade means that change is on the wing!Along with destruction of Feudal chivalry on the Crusades, new trade means that change is on the wing! Europeans ready to join the world.Europeans ready to join the world.

Medieval Universities

Medieval Trade

Medieval Guilds Guild Hall   Commercial Monopoly:  C ontrolled membership apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman  Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].  Controlled prices