World History Chapter 13

 Most people were peasants  After the Roman Empire fell, Visigoths, Vandals, Burgunds, and Ostrogoths built small kingdoms and plundered Europe  Franks settle in Gaul (called themselves the Merovingians)  Pepin II made office; his son, Charles Martel defeated the invasion of the Spanish Moors  Pepin’s other son, Charlemagne, became King of the Franks; defeated the Moors and expanded control  Pope names Charlemagne as the successor to the Roman Empire

 William the Conqueror made each feudal lord to swear allegiance to him (laying the foundation for centralized gov’ts)  William’s son, Henry I, created the first treasurer (called Exchequer)  Henry II created the first grand jury  Henry II tried to increase power by forcing the Archbishop of Canterbury (Thomas Becket) to move to a royal court; he refused and was killed

 Henry II’s son, King John, created a riot by forcing nobles to pay taxes  He was forced to sign the Magna Carta which gave rights to the nobles  Magna Carta became basis for democracy in England  Nobles revolted on King Henry III in 1260

 King Henry III created a Parliament that included middle class, nobles, and clergy  Parliament contains two houses: 1. Upper house – House of Lords 2. Lower house – House of Commons

 Last Carolingian king dies in France so the Capetian kings take over  Began to unite separate provinces under one rule  Only the oldest son of a ruler would inherit the throne to keep unity

 Pope ruled the Papal states in Italy  In 936, Otto the Great unified the kingdoms in Germany  The Pope crowned Otto the King of the Romans  Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV conflicted because Henry wanted to appoint the bishops  Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry for it

 Frederick Barbosa ruled Germany from 1152 to 1190  Barbosa wanted to capture the rich states of Lombardy in northern Italy  Aided by the Pope, they formed the Lombard League and beat back Barbosa

 Most feared invaders came from Scandinavia  Also called Danes, Northmen, and Norse  Had sails and oars  Sailed coasts & rivers of Germany, France, Iceland, Greenland, and North America  Savage, cruel, plundered

 Feudalism – political system where kings (or nobles) grant lands to nobles for loyalty, troops, and services  Lord – person who grants the land  Vassal – person who held the land  Fief – when you grant land overtime (becomes hereditary)  Manor – large estate (big house) in feudalism  Serfs – most peasants on a manor were called this; provided labor services, paid rents, and were subject to the lords control; legally bound to a lord’s land

 Boys: uneducated, worked all the time, no fun  Girls: married by 13, pregnant all their lives, died at an early age  Pregnancy led to early deaths of mothers  Alcoholics  High infant mortality rate; Low life expectancy  Low nutrition levels; bad diets; poor sanitation

 Knights – wore iron suits; fought with a code among knights called chivalry  Feudal Trials: 3 types 1. Trial by battle (duel) 2. Trial by oath (court) 3. Trial by ordeal (torture)  Sacraments – a religious ceremony, blessing, or rite that a priest would perform  Monasticism – a way of life that was used in convents and monasteries; it means they ignored the outside world and focused on religion