The Later Middle Ages Turn to page 538 in SS Textbook

England Began to get organized under William the Conqueror, in 1066 Finally, after years, trials return Trial by jury now King John signs the Magna Carta This document takes away some of the powers of the kings Gives citizens, specifically nobles more rights Written guarantee of a trial by jury

France Charlemagne’s empire broken up Nobles and various factions are in control Phillip II takes control and unifies the Kingdom of France in the late 1100’s The French took some of their land back from England French set up a representative government from different classes

Holy Roman Empire Not really Roman, not really an empire Made of Germany and northern Italy Were united under Otto I for a brief period of time Quickly fell apart into separate kingdoms all the way to the 1800’s

Trade and Cities After the fall of Rome trade and large cities collapsed Roads and villages fell apart No system of money For all of its negatives, feudalism made life in Europe safer In the 1100’s trade between manors and towns began to resume Towns turned into cities As trade between cities increased, a money system became necessary The use of gold and silver coins came back