Paul Cézanne. The Basket of Apples. c. 1895. Oil on canvas Paul Cézanne. The Basket of Apples. c. 1895. Oil on canvas. 21-7/16 × 31-1/2 in. Helen Birch Bartlett Memorial Collection. 1926.252. The Art Institute of Chicago. Photography © The Art Institute of Chicago. [Fig. 4-1] Paul Cézanne. The Basket of Apples. c. 1895. Oil on canvas. 21-7/16 × 31-1/2 in. Helen Birch Bartlett Memorial Collection. 1926.252. The Art Institute of Chicago. Photography © The Art Institute of Chicago. [Fig. 4-1]

Richard Long. A Line Made by Walking. 1967 Richard Long. A Line Made by Walking. 1967. Photograph and pencil on board. 14-1/2 × 12-3/4 in. © Tate London 2012. [Fig. 4-2] Richard Long. A Line Made by Walking. 1967. Photograph and pencil on board. 14-1/2 × 12-3/4 in. © Tate London 2012. [Fig. 4-2]

Andy Goldsworthy. Hazel Leaves (each stitched to next with grass stalks/gently pulled by the river/out of a rock pool/floating downstream/low water). 6/5/1991. Scaur Water, Dumfriesshire. ©Andy Goldsworthy, courtesy Galerie Lelong, New York. [Fig. 4-3] Andy Goldsworthy. Hazel Leaves (each stitched to next with grass stalks/gently pulled by the river/out of a rock pool/floating downstream/low water). 6/5/1991. Scaur Water, Dumfriesshire. ©Andy Goldsworthy, courtesy Galerie Lelong, New York. [Fig. 4-3]

Francis Alÿs. The Green Line (Sometimes doing something poetic can become political and sometimes doing something political can become poetic). 2005. Video projection, 2 hard drives, touch screen, 5 mdf tables, 10 lamps, framed map, works on paper, photocollages, 1 painting, 1 wood gun sculpture. Courtesy David Zwirner Gallery New York. [Fig. 4-4] Francis Alÿs. The Green Line (Sometimes doing something poetic can become political and sometimes doing something political can become poetic). 2005. Video projection, 2 hard drives, touch screen, 5 mdf tables, 10 lamps, framed map, works on paper, photocollages, 1 painting, 1 wood gun sculpture. Courtesy David Zwirner Gallery New York. [Fig. 4-4]

Jaune Quick-to-See Smith. House. 1995 Jaune Quick-to-See Smith. House. 1995. Acrylic and mixed media on canvas. 6 ft. 8 in. × 5 ft. Courtesy of Jaune Quick-to-See Smith. [Fig. 4-5] Jaune Quick-to-See Smith. House. 1995. Acrylic and mixed media on canvas. 6 ft. 8 in. × 5 ft. Courtesy of Jaune Quick-to-See Smith. [Fig. 4-5]

Henri Gaudier-Brzeska. Female Nude, Back View. c. 1912 Henri Gaudier-Brzeska. Female Nude, Back View. c. 1912. Drawing, pen and blue ink on paper. 14-5/8 × 10 in. Princeton University Art Museum. Bequest of Dan Fellows Platt, Class of 1895. x1948-137. [Fig. 4-6] Henri Gaudier-Brzeska. Female Nude, Back View. c. 1912. Drawing, pen and blue ink on paper. 14-5/8 × 10 in. Princeton University Art Museum. Bequest of Dan Fellows Platt, Class of 1895. x1948-137. [Fig. 4-6]

Alberto Giacometti. Man Pointing. 1947. Bronze Alberto Giacometti. Man Pointing. 1947. Bronze. 70-1/2 × 40-3/4 × 16-3/8 in. Digital Image © The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA / Art Resource, NY. © 2012 Succession Giacometti/ Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris. Gift of Mrs. John D. Rockefeller 3rd. (678.1954) The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. [Fig. 4-7] Alberto Giacometti. Man Pointing. 1947. Bronze. 70-1/2 × 40-3/4 × 16-3/8 in. Digital Image © The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA / Art Resource, NY. © 2012 Succession Giacometti/ Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris. Gift of Mrs. John D. Rockefeller 3rd. (678.1954) The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. [Fig. 4-7]

Titian. Assumption and Consecration of the Virgin. c. 1516–18 Titian. Assumption and Consecration of the Virgin. c. 1516–18. Oil on wood. 22-1/2 × 11-4/5 ft. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 4-8] Titian. Assumption and Consecration of the Virgin. c. 1516–18. Oil on wood. 22-1/2 × 11-4/5 ft. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 4-8]

Titian. Line analysis of Titian, Assumption and Consecration of the Virgin. c. 1516–18. Oil on wood. 22-1/2 × 11-4/5 ft. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 4-9] Titian. Line analysis of Titian, Assumption and Consecration of the Virgin. c. 1516–18. Oil on wood. 22-1/2 × 11-4/5 ft. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 4-9]

Chéri Samba. Calvary (Le Calvaire). 1992. Acrylic on canvas Chéri Samba. Calvary (Le Calvaire). 1992. Acrylic on canvas. 35 × 45-5/8 in. Credit: Photo courtesy Annina Nosei Gallery, New York/©Cheri Samba. Courtesy CAAC. [Fig. 4-10] Chéri Samba. Calvary (Le Calvaire). 1992. Acrylic on canvas. 35 × 45-5/8 in. Credit: Photo courtesy Annina Nosei Gallery, New York/©Cheri Samba. Courtesy CAAC. [Fig. 4-10]

Pat Steir. Drawing Lesson, Part I, Line #1. 1978 Pat Steir. Drawing Lesson, Part I, Line #1. 1978. Drypoint with aquatint, from a portfolio of seven etchings. each 16 × 16 in., edition of 25. Published by Crown Point Press, San Francisco. [Fig. 4-11] Pat Steir. Drawing Lesson, Part I, Line #1. 1978. Drypoint with aquatint, from a portfolio of seven etchings. each 16 × 16 in., edition of 25. Published by Crown Point Press, San Francisco. [Fig. 4-11]

Rembrandt van Rijn. The Three Crosses. 1653. Etching Rembrandt van Rijn. The Three Crosses. 1653. Etching. 15-1/4 × 17-3/4 in. © The Trustees of the British Museum / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 4-12] Rembrandt van Rijn. The Three Crosses. 1653. Etching. 15-1/4 × 17-3/4 in. © The Trustees of the British Museum / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 4-12]

Pat Steir. Drawing Lesson, Part I, Line #5. 1978 Pat Steir. Drawing Lesson, Part I, Line #5. 1978. Drypoint with aquatint, from a portfolio of seven etchings. each 16 × 16 in., edition of 25. Published by Crown Point Press, San Francisco. [Fig. 4-13] Pat Steir. Drawing Lesson, Part I, Line #5. 1978. Drypoint with aquatint, from a portfolio of seven etchings. each 16 × 16 in., edition of 25. Published by Crown Point Press, San Francisco. [Fig. 4-13]

Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889. Oil on canvas. 29 × 36-1/4 in. Digital Image © The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA / Art Resource, NY. Acquired through the Lillie P. Bliss Bequest. (472.1941). The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. [Fig. 4-14] Vincent van Gogh. The Starry Night. 1889. Oil on canvas. 29 × 36-1/4 in. Digital Image © The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA / Art Resource, NY. Acquired through the Lillie P. Bliss Bequest. (472.1941). The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. [Fig. 4-14]

Vincent van Gogh. Letter to John Peter Russell. June 17, 1888 Vincent van Gogh. Letter to John Peter Russell. June 17, 1888. Ink on laid paper. 8 × 101/4 in. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York. Thannhauser Collection, Gift, Justin K. Thannhauser, 1978. 78.2514.18 Photograph by Robert E. Mates. ©The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York. [Fig. 4-15] Vincent van Gogh. Letter to John Peter Russell. June 17, 1888. Ink on laid paper. 8 × 101/4 in. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York. Thannhauser Collection, Gift, Justin K. Thannhauser, 1978. 78.2514.18 Photograph by Robert E. Mates. ©The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York. [Fig. 4-15]

Vincent van Gogh. The Sower. 1888. Oil on canvas. 25-1/4 × 31-3/4 in Vincent van Gogh. The Sower. 1888. Oil on canvas. 25-1/4 × 31-3/4 in. Collection: Kroller-Muller Museum, Otterlo, The Netherlands. [Fig. 4-16] Vincent van Gogh. The Sower. 1888. Oil on canvas. 25-1/4 × 31-3/4 in. Collection: Kroller-Muller Museum, Otterlo, The Netherlands. [Fig. 4-16]

Vincent van Gogh. The Sower. 1888. Drawing Vincent van Gogh. The Sower. 1888. Drawing. Pencil, reed pen, and brown and black ink on wove paper. 9-5/8 × 12-1/2 in. Amsterdam, Van Gogh Museum (Vincent van Gogh Foundation). [Fig. 4-17] Vincent van Gogh. The Sower. 1888. Drawing. Pencil, reed pen, and brown and black ink on wove paper. 9-5/8 × 12-1/2 in. Amsterdam, Van Gogh Museum (Vincent van Gogh Foundation). [Fig. 4-17]

Sol LeWitt. Wall Drawing No Sol LeWitt. Wall Drawing No. 681 C, A wall divided vertically into four equal squares separated and bordered by black bands. Within each square, bands in one of four directions, each with color ink washes superimposed. 1993. Colored ink washes. image: 120 × 444 in. Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Photo: Philip A. Charles. Dorothy and Herbert Vogel Collection 1993.41.1. [Fig. 4-18] Sol LeWitt. Wall Drawing No. 681 C, A wall divided vertically into four equal squares separated and bordered by black bands. Within each square, bands in one of four directions, each with color ink washes superimposed. 1993. Colored ink washes. image: 120 × 444 in. Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Photo: Philip A. Charles. Dorothy and Herbert Vogel Collection 1993.41.1. [Fig. 4-18]

Sol LeWitt. Installation of Wall Drawing No. 681 C (top view) Sol LeWitt. Installation of Wall Drawing No. 681 C (top view). 8/25/1993. Colored ink washes. image: 120 × 444 in. Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. [Fig. 4-19a] Sol LeWitt. Installation of Wall Drawing No. 681 C (top view). 8/25/1993. Colored ink washes. image: 120 × 444 in. Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. [Fig. 4-19a]

Sol LeWitt. Installation of Wall Drawing No. 681 C (bottom view) Sol LeWitt. Installation of Wall Drawing No. 681 C (bottom view). 8/25/1993. Colored ink washes. image: 120 × 444 in. Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. [Fig. 4-19b] Sol LeWitt. Installation of Wall Drawing No. 681 C (bottom view). 8/25/1993. Colored ink washes. image: 120 × 444 in. Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. [Fig. 4-19b]

Jasper Johns. Numbers in Color. 1958–59 Jasper Johns. Numbers in Color. 1958–59. Encaustic and collage on canvas. 67 × 49-1/2 in. Albright-Knox Art Gallery / Art Resource, NY. Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York. Gift of Seymour H. Knox, Jr., 1959. Art © Jasper Johns/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY. [Fig. 4-20] Jasper Johns. Numbers in Color. 1958–59. Encaustic and collage on canvas. 67 × 49-1/2 in. Albright-Knox Art Gallery / Art Resource, NY. Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York. Gift of Seymour H. Knox, Jr., 1959. Art © Jasper Johns/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY. [Fig. 4-20]

Matthew Ritchie. No Sign of the World. 2004. Oil and marker on canvas Matthew Ritchie. No Sign of the World. 2004. Oil and marker on canvas. 99 × 154 in. ARG# RM2004-001. Courtesy of Andrea Rosen Gallery, New York. [Fig. 4-21] Matthew Ritchie. No Sign of the World. 2004. Oil and marker on canvas. 99 × 154 in. ARG# RM2004-001. Courtesy of Andrea Rosen Gallery, New York. [Fig. 4-21]

Hung Liu. Relic 12. 2005. Oil on canvas and lacquered wood. 66 × 66 in Hung Liu. Relic 12. 2005. Oil on canvas and lacquered wood. 66 × 66 in. Courtesy of Nancy Hoffman Gallery, New York. [Fig. 4-22] Hung Liu. Relic 12. 2005. Oil on canvas and lacquered wood. 66 × 66 in. Courtesy of Nancy Hoffman Gallery, New York. [Fig. 4-22]

Hung Liu. Virgin/Vessel. 1990. Oil on canvas, broom. 72 × 48 in Hung Liu. Virgin/Vessel. 1990. Oil on canvas, broom. 72 × 48 in. Collection of Bernice and Harold Steinbaum. ©Hung Liu. Courtesy Bernice Steinbaum Gallery, Miami, FL. [Fig. 4-23] Hung Liu. Virgin/Vessel. 1990. Oil on canvas, broom. 72 × 48 in. Collection of Bernice and Harold Steinbaum. ©Hung Liu. Courtesy Bernice Steinbaum Gallery, Miami, FL. [Fig. 4-23]

Hung Liu. Three Fujins. 1995. Oil on canvas, bird cages Hung Liu. Three Fujins. 1995. Oil on canvas, bird cages. 96 × 126 × 12 in. Private Collection, Washington, DC. Photograph by Ben Blackwell. Courtesy of Bernice Steinbaum Gallery, Miami, FL. [Fig. 4-24] Hung Liu. Three Fujins. 1995. Oil on canvas, bird cages. 96 × 126 × 12 in. Private Collection, Washington, DC. Photograph by Ben Blackwell. Courtesy of Bernice Steinbaum Gallery, Miami, FL. [Fig. 4-24]

Jacques-Louis David. The Death of Socrates. 1787. Oil on canvas Jacques-Louis David. The Death of Socrates. 1787. Oil on canvas. 51 × 77-1/4 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., Catharine Lorillard Wolfe Collection, Wolfe Fund, 1931 (31.45). [Fig. 4-25] Jacques-Louis David. The Death of Socrates. 1787. Oil on canvas. 51 × 77-1/4 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., Catharine Lorillard Wolfe Collection, Wolfe Fund, 1931 (31.45). [Fig. 4-25]

Jacques-Louis David. Study for the Death of Socrates. 1787 Jacques-Louis David. Study for the Death of Socrates. 1787. Charcoal heightened in white on gray-brown paper. 20 1/2 × 17 in. Giraudon/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 4-26] Jacques-Louis David. Study for the Death of Socrates. 1787. Charcoal heightened in white on gray-brown paper. 20 1/2 × 17 in. Giraudon/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 4-26]

Eugène Delacroix. The Death of Sardanapalus. 1827. Oil on canvas. 12 ft. 1-1/2 in. × 16 ft. 2-7/8 in. (3.69 × 4.95 m). Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 4-27] Eugène Delacroix. The Death of Sardanapalus. 1827. Oil on canvas. 12 ft. 1-1/2 in. × 16 ft. 2-7/8 in. (3.69 × 4.95 m). Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 4-27]

Eugène Delacroix. Study for The Death of Sardanapalus. 1827–28 Eugène Delacroix. Study for The Death of Sardanapalus. 1827–28. Pen, watercolor, and pencil. 10-1/4 × 12-1/2 in. Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 4-28] Eugène Delacroix. Study for The Death of Sardanapalus. 1827–28. Pen, watercolor, and pencil. 10-1/4 × 12-1/2 in. Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 4-28]

Zeus, or Poseidon. c. 460 BCE. Bronze. height 82 in Zeus, or Poseidon. c. 460 BCE. Bronze. height 82 in. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 4-29] Zeus, or Poseidon. c. 460 BCE. Bronze. height 82 in. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 4-29]

Robert Mapplethorpe. Lisa Lyon. 1982 Robert Mapplethorpe. Lisa Lyon. 1982. © 1982 The Estate of Robert Maplethorpe/Art & Commerce. [Fig. 4-30] Robert Mapplethorpe. Lisa Lyon. 1982. © 1982 The Estate of Robert Maplethorpe/Art & Commerce. [Fig. 4-30]