FIGURE 1.1 This is an example of an 1840’s portable camera obscura with an adjustable diaphragm. Photograph Courtesy of George Eastman House. © George Eastman House. ROBINSON CH:01

FIGURE 1.2 On the left is a photograph of Joseph Niépce. On the right is the first photograph that he took in © Brian Ratty, Photo Seminars. ROBINSON CH:01

FIGURE 1.3 This Civil War photograph by Alexander Gardner was taken in 1863 and firstreproduced as a picture of “Death Confederate Soldiers” and later reproduced and captioned as a picture of “Death Union Soldiers.” Photograph courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. Reproduction Number LC-B8184–7964–A. ROBINSON CH:01

FIGURE 1.4 This Civil War photograph by Alexander Gardner was taken in 1863 The “Scene Reported To Have Been Created By Posting The Body” to create the scene. Photograph courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. Reproduction Number LC-B8171–7942. ROBINSON CH:01

FIGURE 1.5 First known advertisement for a crime scene camera in the United States. Photograph courtesy of Lighting Powder Company. ROBINSON CH:01

FIGURE 1.6 In this New York City case, there was expert testimony as to how the ghost photographs likely were faked. ROBINSON CH:01

FIGURE 1.7 Composite photographic image of the Houdon bust and the corpse of John Paul Jones. Photo courtesy Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C. ROBINSON CH:01

FIGURE 1.8 This is an early 5-watt argon-ion laser. In the beginning, there were no metal-clad optical cables, so the laser was either pointed directly at a diffusion lens and then onto the laser dye-stained latent print evidence or routed by a series of mirrors. This technique resulted in a serious safety hazard. Because forensic photographers could not see the laser beam with safety goggles on, it was very common for them to move their arm or hand into the laser light path, resulting in some serious burns. ROBINSON CH:01

FIGURE 1.9 (left) Digital photograph of laser dye-stained latent print photographed with a Nikon D200 DSLR. (right) The same photograph after processing in Photoshop to convert to grayscale and then using curves to invert the tones and adjust the contrast. ROBINSON CH:01

FIGURE 1.10 A 1980s Japanese latent print peripheral camera that is still sold today in Japan. Photograph courtesy Takehiko Nagasaki, Police Science Industry, Ltd. ROBINSON CH:01