38th meeting of the PAC for Nuclear Physics Results of three years of work accomplished at FLNR under the Seven-Year Plan for the Development of JINR 2010-2016 (Status of the DRIBs-III project) S. Dmitriev

FLNR’s BASIC DIRECTIONS of RESEARCH according to the Seven-Year Plan 2010 - 2016 1. Heavy and superheavy nuclei: synthesis and study of properties of superheavy elements; chemistry of new elements; fusion-fission and multi-nucleon transfer reactions; nuclear- , mass-, & laser-spectrometry of SH nuclei. 2. Light exotic nuclei: properties and structure of light exotic nuclei; reactions with exotic nuclei. 3. Radiation effects and physical groundwork of nanotechnology. 2

Project DRIBs-III (2010 – 2016) (as it seemed in 2009) The purpose of the project is expansion of a set of accelerated ions, both of stable, and radioactive isotopes, essential increase of intensity and quality of beams. Realization of project DRIBs-III provides: completion of modernization of cyclotrons U400 and U400М, creation of a new experimental hall (2600 m2), creation of new generation experimental set-ups, creation of the high-intensity universal accelerator of heavy ions (A≤ 100, E ≤ 10 MeV ·A , I ≤ 10 pµA). Required funds: 60,000,000 $.

The main achievements of the firs 3 years are: According to recommendations of Nuclear Physics PACs, and decisions of the Scientific Council and CPP (2010 – 2012) The DRIBs-III project should be realized at simultaneous implementation of SHE research program. The main achievements of the firs 3 years are:

Discovery of the 117th! Данные, полученные в эксперименте по синтезу 117-го элемента с новой мишенью 249Bk на газонаполненном сепараторе ГНС, полностью подтверждают результаты 2010 года! В 2012 году получено 3 цепочки распада в 3n канале и 8 цепочек в 4n канале. На вставке в верхнем углу показана функция возбуждения для полной суммы событий, полученных в двух экспериментах. Кроме этого, в эксперименте получена одна цепочка, соответствующая распаду 118 элемента, полученная в реакции на 249Cf, который является продуктом распада Bk.

The Festive Naming Ceremony of the new chemical elements 114 - Flerovium and 116 - Livermorium took place on 24 October 2012 in Moscow IUPAC President Prof. Kazuyuki Tatsumi Международный коллоквиум, посвященный наименованию новых элементов с атомными номерами 114 и 116, состоялся в Москве 24 октября 2012 г. William Goldstein (Livermore), Yuri Oganessian (JINR) and James Roberto (Oak Ridge)

D.I. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table of the Elements (2012)

Observation of the 2n-evaporation channel opens up perspectives of chemical investigation of the element 113

GAS PHASE CHEMISTRY WITH ELEMENT 113 Whether the element 113 is a volatile metal? Experiment is running. Preliminary results – it is volatile. Target (243Am; 1.0 mg/cm2) SiO2- 800°C He/Ar (70/30) Au - 113 PIPS detectors 32 pairs 2.5m 2 L/min Prof. Dmitriev S.N. "NRC7" 24-29 August 2008

2013 6 new heaviest elements 48 new isotopes 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 107 106 105 104 6 new heaviest elements 48 new isotopes 117 2013 Мы не были уверены, что изотопы гипотетических сверхтяжелых элементов с Z=112-117 и N=173-177 могут испытывать распад с T1/2 = 30-0.1 s соответственно. И совсем не предполагали, что half-lives of Db isotopes with N=164-166 будет более 1d. 10

Heaviest target: 249Cf → Zmax= 118 What is beyond 118 element? Heaviest target: 249Cf → Zmax= 118 ↓ Heavier projectiles (50Ti, 54Cr, 58Fe, 64Ni) Heavier targets (251Cf, 254Es -???); Symmetric reactions: 136Xe+136Xe, 136Xe+150Nd, 150Nd+150Nd; Nucleon transfer reactions (136Xe+208Pb, 238U+248Cm). Sufficient increasing of overall experiment efficiency is needed!

Studies of Exotic Nuclei in JINR Breakdown of the N=8 shell in 10He. S.I. Sidorchuk. A.A. Bezbakh, V. Chudoba et al., PRL 108 (2012) 10He was produced in the 2n-transfer reaction with the use of the secondary 8He beam and cryogenic tritium target: 3H(8He,p)10He. Owing to specific angular and energy correlations of 10He decay products for the first time the spin-parity assignment was made for the low-lying states of 10He. The experimental data were interpreted as a superposition of 0+, 1- and 2+ states. The established level sequence shows that 10He is one more drip-line nucleus demonstrating the shell structure breakdown. Shell structure breakdown in 10He заключается в том, что состояние 1-, соответствующее возбужденному нейтрону в 1s-оболочке, опускается по энергии по сравнению с «нормальными» ядрами, такими как 16О и 14С. Ранее подобное уменьшение энергетического зазора между 0p- и 1s-оболочками, наблюдалось для другого ядра с восьмью нейтронами, 12Be, также расположенного вблизи границы нуклонной стабильности.

Studies of Exotic Nuclei in JINR Isovector Soft Dipole Mode in 6Be. A.S. Fomichev. V. Chudoba, I.A. Egorova et al., PLB 708 (2012) Spectrum of the unbound 6Be was produced in the charge-exchange reaction using the cryogenic hydrogen target: 1H(6Li, 6Be)n. The data obtained provide detailed correlation information about the well-known 0+ ground state and the 2+ state. A broad structure extending from 4 to 16 MeV was observed. It contains negative parity states populated by the L=1 angular momentum transfer. This continuum structure can be interpreted as a novel phenomenon: the isovector soft dipole mode associated with the 6Li ground state.

The DC-110 cyclotron: Special economical zone, Dubna, Russia Mass production of track membranes with the thickness of  30 um Ions of Ar, Kr and Xe Ion energy of 2.5 MeV/u Beam intensity of 1 pA (6x1012 s-1) Two channels with irradiation chambers Working hours 7000 h/year The cyclotron should be simple and reliable, for routine use The new accelerator has been launched in December 2012

Project DRIBs-III according to recommendations of NPPACs, SCs and CPP (2010 – 2012) completion of modernization of cyclotrons U400 and U400М sharing of physical tasks between accelerators Creation of SHE factory based on the high-intensity universal DC280 cyclotron (A≤ 238, E ≤ 10 MeV ·A , I ≤ 20 pµA) in a new separate experimental building creation of new generation experimental set-ups Total reconstruction of the U400 experimental hall, including 6 radiation safe experimental caves Construction of a special building for physical groundwork of nanotechnology (1500 m2), based on IC100 and U400M.

Basic facilities and SHE-factory

stand-alone & post-accelerator U400R CYCLOTRON stand-alone & post-accelerator U400R (expected) Ion Ion energy [MeV/A] Output intensity 6He 2.8  14 108 8He 1.6  8 105 7Li 2-17 1×1014 16O 6,4 -27 40Ar 1-5,1 6×1013 48Ca 1,6-11 1.5×1013 50Ti 4,1-21 6×1012 58Fe 1,2-7,5 84Kr 0,8-3,5 2×1012 132Xe 3×1012 238U 1,5- 8 5×1011 Fusion-fission; Quasi-fission; Nuclear spectroscopy; New heavy isotopes; Multi nucleon transfer reactions; Sub-barrier fusion; Reactions with exotic nuclei Structure of light exotic nuclei; 17

stand-alone & driving accelerator U400M CYCLOTRON stand-alone & driving accelerator U400M E=30 ÷ 50 MeV/A E=4.5 ÷ 9 MeV/A Ion Ion energy [MeV/A] Output intensity 7Li 35 6×1013 18O 33 1×1013 40Ar 40 1×1012 48Ca 5 6×1012 54Cr 3×1012 58Fe 124Sn 2×1011 136Xe 4×1011 238U 7 2×1010 Properties and structure of light exotic nuclei; Astrophysics; Reactions with exotic nuclei; Light neutron-rich nuclei; Deep inelastic scattering; Producing of RIBs. 18

DC280 CYCLOTRON stand-alone SHE-factory DC280 (expected) E=4÷8 MeV/A Ion Ion energy [MeV/A] Output intensity 7Li 4 1×1014 18O 8 40Ar 5 6×1013 48Ca 0,6-1,2×1014 54Cr 2×1013 58Fe 1×1013 124Sn 2×1012 136Xe 238U 7 5×1010 Synthesis and study of properties of superheavy elements; Search for new reactions for SHE-synthesis Chemistry of new elements; Manufacturing of the magnet has been started.

Instrumentation

New FLNR gas-filled separator PAC for NP 32nd Meeting, 17-18 June 2010 “physical” “chemical” Reaction Transmission 244Pu(48Ca,3n)289114 60 % 244Pu(58Fe,4n)298120 75 %

Velocity filter for asymmetric combinations VASSILISSA-GABRIELLA PAC for NP 31st Meeting, 25-26 January 2010 High transmission for asymmetric combinations (beams of 12C, 14N,16O, 22Ne) Availability for symmetric combinations (136Xe + 136Xe → 272Hs*)

Mass-spectrometer MASHA PAC for NP 31st Meeting, 25-26 January 2010

Fragment-separator ACCULINNA-2 PAC for NP 32nd Meeting, 17-18 June 2010 Manufacturing has been started

GALS: Setup for resonance laser ionization of nuclear reaction products stopped in gas PAC for NP 35th Meeting, 26-27 January 2012

High resolution magnetic double arm spectrometer “MAVR” Reaction study with primary and secondary beams

Workshop on Studies of Super-Heavy Nuclei at the SHE Factory Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas March 12-13, 2013 Summary results The Super-Heavy Element Factory will increase the overall production of super- heavy nuclei by two orders of magnitude with respect to presently achieved rates. This will enable the studies of nuclear /atomic structure of heaviest atoms and open the door to the discoveries of new elements above Z=118 and of isotopes closer to the predicted shell closure at N=184. Enriched Isotopes from ORNL's HFIR/REDC are essential for research on super- heavy nuclei enabled by the SHE Factory. The joint research between the collaborating laboratories within the SHE Factory project will result in advanced experimental capabilities. New developments include superconducting gas filled separator with gas catcher and mass analyzer system (ANL-TAMU) as well as new detector arrays and modern readout systems including digital signal processing (ORNL- UTK). The roadmap for joint research at JINR Dubna in the pre-SHE factory time frame includes experiments aiming in the discovery of the heaviest isotopes of element 118 in the reaction between 48Ca and mixed-Cf targets produced at ORNL. The extension of the current US-Russia collaboration (JINR, ORNL, LLNL, UTK, ANL, TAMU, RIAR, Vanderbilt) to other laboratories was welcomed. These new collaborating institutions include LBNL Berkeley and GSI Darmstadt (Germany).

Schedule of the SHE factory creation

Innovation projects in the Nanotechnology Centre A new roll-to roll etching facility for the development of new track-etch membranes Facilities for surface modification of nano-structured composite filmy materials A diversified electron microscopy laboratory for performing the studies of micro- and nano-structured materials produced using ion beam modification methods A diversified laboratory for the studies of ion-induced radiation effects in matter, including AFM, optical spectroscopy, IR Raman spectroscopy, luminescence, and others

Nano-laboratory building 19.06.2013

Summary Proposals on Development, Resources, and Schedule Updates for the DRIBs–III Project According to the Seven-Year Plan for the Development of JINR 2010-2016 approved by the Committee of Plenipotentiaries of the Governments of the JINR Member States (CPP) in November of 2009, the DRIBs-III Project included the following: Modernization of the currently operating U400 and U400M accelerators Development of new physical experimental setups (separators, etc.) Construction of a new Experimental Hall with a total area of 2,500 m2 to carry out experiments with beams of stable and exotic radioactive nuclei. Development of a new high-current heavy-ion DC-200 accelerator with the intensity of the average-mass ions (48Cа) no lower than 5∙1013, i.e., around 10µA. The Project Financing and Implementation Schedule approved in 2009 is presented in Table 1.

Tab1e 1. The DRIBs-III Financing and Implementation Schedule approved by the CPP in November of 2009 (USD, in thousands). Tasks performed 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Modernization of the existing heavy-ion accelerators: complete equipment with components and manufacture the U400R systems 2,000 installation, adjustment of systems, lauch of the U400R accelerator 1,000 Financial support for running experiments (7 M USD) Construction of a new FLNR Experimental Hall: (13MUSD) technical requirements, project civil construction 5,000 gallery, beam lines Development of experimental continuous-action devices and facilities: (15MUSD) physical and chemical separators, systems of collection and transportation of nuclear reaction products, radiochemical laboratory of II class, etc. 3,000 Development of a high-intensity heavy-ion accelerator (А  100, Е 8 MeVА, I  10 pμА): (22 MUSD) manufacture 6,000 10,000 installation, beam lines, launch Total 11,000 16,000 The total funding: USD 60 million, including USD 7 million to cover the expenses of ongoing experiments (USD 1 million per year).

Recently obtained results at the FLNR JINR on synthesis of new superheavy elements (SHE) are highly appreciated, and the FLNR JINR joint research in the specified areas between the FLNR JINR physicists and their longtime collaborators from the US, Germany, France, and Japan is acknowledged. In the course of the project's implementation, the CPP, taking into account the recommendations of PAC and the JINR Scientific Council, proposed: to achieve the main project objectives while at the same time implement the scientific program on synthesis and investigation of the properties of SHE (earlier, the U400 cyclotron was planned to be shut down for 2-year-long upgrade in August 2010); to construct the world's first Superheavy Element Factory (SHE Factory) at JINR, including: a new high-current heavy-ion DC-280 accelerator with the beam intensity up to 20 рµА, А≤ 238 (earlier, a DC-200 accelerator with the beam intensity of 10 рµА, А≤ 100, was planned to be constructed); a new Experimental Hall with a total area of 5,500 m2 for carrying out experiments with highly radioactive actinide targets in radiochemical laboratories laboratories of second class by the Radiation Safety Standards. Earlier, an Experimental Hall of third class with an area of 2,500 m2 was planned;

to upgrade the existing U400 and U400M accelerators to pursue world-class research and development programs in the three key areas of the heavy-ion physics at low and intermediate energies, in particular: synthesis of new SHE and the investigation of the properties of the already discovered SHE (SHE Factory) that will be carried out at the DC-280 cyclotron; nuclear physics experiments (spectroscopy, fusion-fission of heavy and superheavy nuclei, etc.) performed at the U400 accelerator; experiments with exotic radioactive nuclei (6,8Не, 11Li, etc.) carried out at the U400M accelerator; to reconstruct the U400 Experimental Hall housing 6 radiation-shielded caves with a total area of 1,500 m2; and to construct a new FLNR JINR Experimental Hall (total of 1,500 m2) to conduct scientific research on the application of heavy-ion beams in nanotechnology. However, the above-mentioned changes do not seem possible under the Seven-Year Plan for the Development of JINR (2010-2016) without USD 30.1 million in additional DRIBs–III Project funding. Proposals on the adjustments to the DRIBs–III Project Financing and Implementation Schedule are summarized in Table 2.

Total for the 2010–2016 period: USD 90.1 million Table 2.DRIBs–III Project Financing and Implementation Schedule updates for the years 2010–2016. Tasks performed 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016   USD, in thousands Upgrade of the currently operating heavy-ion accelerators: complete equipment with components and manufacture U400R systems 2,000 1,500 500 installation, adjustment of systems, startup of the U400R accelerator, and the U-400M accelerator upgrade (superconducting ECR ion source and cryogenic vacuum system) 1,000   Financial support for running experiments (9,5 M USD) Construction of a new FLNR Experimental Hall (SHE Factory) 13,8 MUSD design works, construction 200 2,500 1,100 4,500 5,500 Renovation of the U400 Experimental Hall 800 6,000 Development of experimental continuous-action devices and facilities: physical and chemical separators, systems of collection and transportation of nuclear reaction products, radiochemical laboratory of II class, etc. 3,000 3,500 5,000 Development of high-intensity heavy-ion accelerator (А  100, Е 8.5 MeVА, I 10 µAh): technical requirements, project 750 manufacture 250 8,000 9,500 installation, beam lines, launch Total 3,700 7,500 8,350 17,550 21,500 16,500 15,000 Total for the 2010–2016 period: USD 90.1 million

According to the Project Financing and Implementation Schedule presented in Table 2, the above-mentioned project updates shall be implemented in full (the ultimate goal) over the period from 2013 through 2016. Should difficulties arise in finding additional funds (USD 30.1 million), some of the work will have to be postponed until 2017–2019. The high-priority tasks (the "minimum program"), which shall be fully implemented under the JINR Seven-Year Plan (2010–2016), shall thus include the following: Development of the world's first SHE Factory, launch of a new DC-280 accelerator, construction of a new Experimental Hall and experimental setups for synthesis and investigation of the properties of SHE Implementation of the scientific program on the SHE synthesis (U400 accelerator) Completion of works on the U-400M modernization, and the development of a new ACCULINNA-2 separator for carrying out research on exotic radioactive nuclei Completion of preparatory and design works for the renovation of the U400 Experimental Hall and the modernization of the U400 accelerator to ensure the implementation of the above-listed tasks in 2017 The proposed DRIBs–III Implementation Schedule of the “minimum program” is presented in Table 3.

Project Total: USD 73.75 million for the 2010–2016 period. Table 3. The amended DRIBs-IIIa Project Financing and Implementation Schedule (USD, in thousands for the period 2010-2016 (the “minimum program). Tasks performed 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Modernization of the existing heavy-ion accelerators: 2,000 1,000 U400M (superconducting ECR ion source, the cryogenic vacuum system) 500 Financial support for running experiments (9,0/ 7,0 MUSD) 1,500 Development of a new Experimental Hall (radiochemical laboratory of second class, SHE Factory): Design, construction works (13,8 /13,0 MUSD) 200 2,500 1,100 4,500 5,500 Renovation of the U400R Experimental Hall Project (2,25 MUSD) 700 250 Development of experimental continuous-action devices and facilities: physical and chemical separators, systems of collection and transportation of nuclear reaction products, radiochemical laboratory of II class, etc. (17,5 / 15,0 MUSD) 3,000 3,500 Development of a high-intensity heavy-ion accelerator (А  238, Е 8.5 MeVА, I  10 pμА): (26,0/ 22,0 MUSD) technical requirements, project 750 manufacture 8,000 installation, beam lines, startup Total 3,700 7,500 8,350 17,450 18,500 11,250 7,000 Project Total: USD 73.75 million for the 2010–2016 period. Funding increase amounts to USD 13.75 million.

Nuclear physics with stable & RI-beams FLNR (JINR) – 2016 1500m2 1000m2 DC-280 new SHE Factory Nuclear physics with stable & RI-beams U200 Applied research IC100 Production & studies of the exotic nuclei Nano/Lab 1500m2 DRIBs MT25 U400R upgraded U400M U400M &SC ECR U400R - U400M Accelerator Complex

Thank you!

U400R. Median plane level. Second floor.

U400 U400R Schedule Hall design Building U400 beam on U400 U400R assembling U400R beam on