Slide 1 LING – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 4  Instead of language, dialect, style, pidgin, etc. - the term code  Diglossia = distinct codes used for different and distinct functions  “famous” diglossic situations: Arabic, Swiss German, Haitian and Greek  High (H) versus Low (L) varieties - H has more power/prestige and used for govt/education  Haeri (1996) - She shows that Cairene Arabic spoken in Egypt is developing a new phonological feature and that women are adopting it more than men - If Classical Arabic (H code) is the standard, then women are LESS standard than men - but reconsider what is the standard since women do not have equal access to H variety - why would they choose the L variety over the H one? Covert prestige? Ch 4 - Codes

Slide 2 LING – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 4  Haeri (1996) - She shows that Cairene Arabic spoken in Egypt is developing a new phonological feature and that women are adopting it more than men - If Classical Arabic (H code) is the standard, then women are LESS standard than men - but reconsider what is the standard since women do not have equal access to H variety - why would they choose the L variety over the H one? Covert prestige?  Also Ketih Walters has found in Tunisia that women prefer French while the men prefer Arabic. Why would you guess? Ch 4 - Codes

Slide 3 LING – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 4  Bilingualism/Multilingualism - a chance for codes to take on different meanings/identities for the users  Code-switching - (code-mixing) - the switching of codes during a conversation/turn (Spanglish)  Complicated situation of Singapore (p. 99)  2 kinds of code-switching:  Situational - speaker switches codes in response to situation  Metaphorical - speaker switches codes as the topic changes (often adding extra flavor by the selection of 1 code over the other)  Relates to theories of style? Ch 4 - Codes

Slide 4 LING – Sociolinguistics – Spring 2011 Wardhaugh Ch 4  Not only is which code to select an identity issue, but also how you do code-switching (how often you use 1 code over the other, what words you choose to add from one code or the other, what loan words you adopt, etc).  Matched guise experiments - how the same person is judged when using different codes  Bell’s audience design model for style  Accommodation again - convergence and divergence  “speaking is not merely a social act that involves others; it is also a personal act in that it helps create the identity one wishes to be seen as having in a particular set of circumstances.” (p. 113) Ch 4 - Codes