RCOT Middle East (Southwest Asia)

Mesopotamia: Sumer Math system based on number 60 Numbers expressed as fractions/multiples of 60 Mesopotamians=practitioners of astronomy

Mesopotamia: Babylon Founded by Hammurabi (led Amorites in invasion of Akkad) Law code inscribed on stone pillar

Hittites Late bronze age Anatolia (Turkey)

New Kingdom Egypt Nubia (between Aswan and Khartoum) Connects Sub-Saharan Africa with North Africa, has Nile river Kush kingdom: capitals karma one of the earliest urbanized centers in tropical Africa, built monumental wall mud bricks

Assyrian Empire 10th century- 7th century BCE Extend from Iranian Plateau to eastern Mediterranean Mass deportation because break up rebels, shift human resources to center Open lands for agriculture, palaces and cities

Ancient Israel Hebrew bible Abraham 20th century BCE settled in Israel Drought: move to Egypt: slavery Moses: exodus from Egypt: back to Israel

Phoenicia Develop Canaanite models: alphabetic system of writing Phoenician trading network (Mediterranean) Explore and colonize with Mediterranean, North African coasts and East Spain for raw materials, trading opportunities

Persian Empire Socrates, Plato (influential thinkers) Alexander the great defeated Persian forces On coast of Mediterranean

Conquests of Alexander the Great Defeated Persian forces in 3 battles Developed city states: Alexandria in Egypt Victories in Euagamela

Spread of Islam Madras= religious college, cultural unity Sharia= different meanings Morocco, Mali (very big empire 11th century) Slavery allowed Abbasid caliphate established (after Umayyad Caliphate) Increase literary works: Golden Age During Samanids, Lang= Persian written in Arabic letters Umma- community; acceptance of God Shiites – Ali rightful successor Sunnis caliphs to be Imam Hadith- reports of prophet Identity based on ethnicity and localism; identity based on religion

Abbasid Caliphate Established 750; based in Baghdad Increase literary works; resulted in Golden Age Revolts in Caliphate ; weakened central power in Baghdad, prevented tax revenues to boost local prosperity Abbasid caliphate controlled by Buyid Shiites; Caliph remained Dynamic growth in outlying provinces while Caliphate had loss of power Mongols end Abbasid Caliphate in 1258, destroyed mosques, ravaged Baghdad

Ottoman Empire Founded in 1300-1922 Hagia Sophia: Mosque after 1453 Suleiman conquered Belgrade and Vienna Reign of Suleiman= imperial system worked to perfection Women were active in real estate

Safavid Empire 1502-1722 Devoted to Shiite Islam (Caliph should be in Muhammad's bloodline) Shah Abbas (1587-1629) Isfahan (capital) Royal mosque (Isfahan) had Arabic calligraphy, minaret Afghans capture Isfahan, end Safavid rule

Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire Inherited Anatolia and Balkans Arab provinces divided between France and Great Britain (many mandates) Mustafa Kemal modernized Turkey Women: right to vote no veil Men: no fez Arabic alphabet: Latin alphabet

Post WWI Mandate System Colonial rulers would administer the colonies, be responsible to League of Nations for their well being Class C: treated as colonies by conquerors Class B: undeveloped, ruled for benefit of inhabitants Class A: developed, more lenience than other classes Palestine, Trans Jordan, Iraq= British mandates France claimed Syria and Lebanon

Modern Middle East

Six Day War: Arab Israeli Conflict Balfour Declaration (Jewish home land in Palestine) Palestinian divided Jewish and Arab state, Jewish (Israel) declare independent OPEC-oil company: Egyptian attack across Suez Cana;, war in Israel's favor Egyptian army trapped at canal’s Southern end 1974 OPEC quadrupled prices