 Language in use  As a social identifier  Varieties of speech  Knowing what to say, and how and when to say it ◦ Linguistic competence ◦ Cultural competence

1. Idiolect 2. Dialect CockneyCockney. Is there a Portland dialect?Portland

 In linguistics, distinguish between ◦ Standard dialect (either accentless or considered an acceptable accented variant) ◦ Vernacular/non-standard dialects (what we often mean by “dialect” colloquially) The Beatles: speakers of “Scouse” English, or a dialect centered in Liverpool

 Those people who share the same rules for the interpretation and production of speech

 Ability to speak more than one language

 There is more than one variant of a language  H/L ◦ Arabic-speaking nations ◦ Switzerland (Swiss German & Standard German) ◦ Greece (standard and colloquial)

 Not equal ◦ Higher class/status are more likely to know H ◦ Role of education ◦ Lower class/status restricted to L ◦ Class closely correlated to ability

 Code-switching ◦ The ability and/or tendency to switch between: a)One language and another b)The H or L form where there is diglossia c)One dialect and another (e.g. vernacular and standard)

.. means how one phrases requests, opinions, responses and so on and so forth in an acceptable way  i.e. what is “polite” or what is “appropriate”  Many languages and cultures prefer INDIRECTION in speech interactions

 Why study this? ◦ Simple, short interactions ◦ Very much governed by norms of politeness and proper social interaction ◦ Details are variable culture to culture and language to language

ReciprocalNon-reciprocal ClosenessFirst name-First nameMom/Dad – First name Distance Last name-Last name Title-title Title last name-Title last name Honorifics between persons of same status Sir/Ma’am to parent/kin term “son” Title last name – last name Title last name – first name Honorific – Title last name

 Assertion and protest  Discrimination and belittlement  One curious example.. One curious example..

 Competent use of language is not just following rules ◦ It’s knowing how and when to meaningfully break them