LINGUA INGLESE 1 modulo B Introduction to English Linguistics prof. Hugo Bowles Lesson 5 Word formation

CLASSIFYING MORPHOLOGY

swim CONVERSION when a word changes its word class to swim (verb)a swim (noun)

CONVERSION to rainrain to bicyclea bicycle to cheat a cheat

NATO, CNN INITIALISMS see slide 21 ff.

ping-pong, teeny-weeny REDUPLICATION a lexeme with two identical, or very similar, constituents

motel, brunch, heliport BLENDING when a word is made out of shortened forms of other words BR-eakfast + l-UNCH = BRUNCH

BLENDING motel heliport mo-tor? + ho-tel heli-copter + air-port

gas CLIPPING when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form gasoline gas

CLIPPING burger deli mike hamburger delicatessen microphone

edit, televise, demo BACK FORMATION When a word of one type is reduced to form a word of a different type editoredit

BACK FORMATION televisiontelevise demonstrationdemo

Aussie HYPOCORISM A longer word is reduced to a single syllable and then -y or -ie is added Australian Auss + -ieAussie

HYPOCORISM moving picture move + ie movie

quack, woof ONOMATOPEIA When a word is created to sound like the thing it names

Darwinian EPONYM when a word is derived from the name of a person

EPONYMY Buzz Lightyear is derived from Buzz Aldrin the astronaut Garibaldi biscuits were marketed in England after Garibaldi’s visit (and you can still buy them)

nylon, aspirin COINAGE the invention of a totally new word This often occurs with scientific names and trade names of new products

Quiz (1) vet = clipping fantabulous = blending (fantastic + fabulous) Google = coinage (a new invention) to Google (vb) = conversion from Google (noun) doc = clipping (from doctor) zig-zag =reduplication fahrenheit = eponym

Quiz (2) ‘Sob!’ = onomatopeia hankie = hypocorism AIDS = acronymy to biograph = back-formation from biography (noun) infotainment = blending (information + entertainment) to party = conversion from party (noun)

INITIALISMS Acronymy When the form is pronounced as a single word (NATO, AIDS) Alphabetism When the form is pronounced by its letters (BBC, CNN)

INITIALISMS IN TEXT MESSAGES (1) Initials used as WORDS y Why? q Queue ruok Are you OK? cu See you

INITIALISMS IN TEXT MESSAGES (2) Initials used for elements in COMPOUND WORDS gf girlfriend dl download w/e weekend

INITIALISMS IN TEXT MESSAGES (3) Initials used for words in PHRASES cwot complete waste of time imo in my opinion np no problem

INITIALISMS IN TEXT MESSAGES (4) Initials used for words in ELLIPTICAL or WHOLE SENTENCES lol Laughing out loud jk Just kidding swdyt So what do you think? cmb Call me back

INITIALISMS IN TEXT MESSAGES (5) Initials used for words in EXCLAMATIONS omg Oh my God! Yyssw Yeah, yeah, sure, sure, whatever !

Semantic change

28 Original languages alcohol Arabic boss Dutch croissant French lilac Persian piano Italian pretzel German robot Czech tycoon Japanese yoghurt Turkish zebra Bantu

29 Semantic borrowing ofiskhobbiboykotRussian rajiokonpyu-takissuJapanese le zappingle midwifele showbizFrench

30 Calques - loan translations from skyscraper to grattaciel from ubermensch to superman from hot dogs to perros calientes from boyfriend to boifurendo

31 Grammaticalisation what’s the rule? SingularPlural ItalianPlural English pizzapizzepizzas hamburgeramburgerhamburgers walkmanwalkman?walkmans? paninopaninipanino(e)s panini(e)s

paninos, paninis ………..

33 Other types of semantic change euphemism politically correct language

34 Euphemism a long illness economical with the truth adult video industrial action cancer liar pornography strike

35 Politically correct language Political correctness (often abbreviated to PC) is a term used to describe language or behaviour that is intended to provide a minimum of offence, particularly to racial, cultural, or other identity groups. A text that conforms to the ideals of political correctness is said to be politically correct.