The Expansive Realm of Islam Chapter 14 The Expansive Realm of Islam

Rise of Islam Flash Cards hajj Qur’an (Koran)

Rise of Islam Flash Cards Ka’aba hadiths

Rise of Islam Flash Cards Shi’a Sunni

Rise of Islam Flash Cards hijrah Umayyads

Rise of Islam Flash Cards Abbasids Dar al’Islam

The Hijra Muhammad fled to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CE Year 0 in Muslim calendar Communal society (umma) Legal, spiritual code Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of umma

The Quran Revelations rec’d during visions Written down c. 650 CE Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith

The Ka’aba

The Five Pillars of Islam No god but Allah Daily prayer Fasting during Ramadan Charity Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)

Jihad “struggle” Against inner turmoil Against vice Against ignorance of Islam

Islamic Law: The Sharia Codification of Islamic law Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of analysis Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity

The Expansion of Islam Successful attacks on: Byzantium Sassanid territories Difficult to govern rapidly expanding territory

The expansion of Islam, 632-733 C.E.

Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE) From Meccan merchant class Capital: Damascus, Syria Associated with Arab military aristocracy

Policy toward Conquered Peoples Favoritism of Arab military rulers Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims Head tax on non-Muslims Umayyads live in luxury

The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE) Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab Allied with Shia & non-Arab Muslims Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia Defeats Umayyad army in 750 Invited Umayyads, then massacred them

Abbasid Administration Persian influence Court at Baghdad Influence of Islamic scholars

Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786-809 CE) High point of Abbasid dynasty Baghdad center of commerce Great cultural activity

Abbasid Decline Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid Provincial governers assert regional independence Dissenting sects, heretical movements Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility Later, Saljuq Turks influence, Sultan real power behind the throne

Economy of the Early Islamic World Spread of food and industrial crops Trade routes from India to Spain Western diet adapts to wide variety New crops adapted Agricultural sciences develop Cotton, paper industries develop Major cities emerge

Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone Historical precedent of Arabic trade Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, 10th century Camel caravans Maritime trade

Banking and Trade Scale of trade causes banks to develop Sakk (“check”) Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al-Islam promotes trade Joint ventures common

Changing Status of Women Quran improves status of women Outlawed female infanticide Brides, not husbands, claim dowries Yet male dominance preserved Patrilineal descent Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice

Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition Islamic values Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam Establishment of madrasas Importance of the Hajj Sufi missionaries Asceticism, mysticism Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians Wide popularity

Cultural influences on Islam Persia Adminstration and governance literature India Mathematics, science, medicine “Hindi” numbers Greece Philosophy, esp. Aristotle Ibn Rushd/Averroes (1126-1198)