WHI.13: The Renaissance

Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance p

Economic Effects of the Crusades p increased the demand for 1) Middle Eastern* products 2.stimulated the 2) production of goods* to trade in Middle Eastern markets 3.encouraged the use of 3) credit and banking* a.Christians were not allowed to lend money with interest; helped 4) secularize* northern Italy b.letters of 5) credit* served to expand the supply of money and speed up trade c.new accounting and bookkeeping practices (such as the use of Arabic numerals) were introduced

Italy’s Advantage p ) Renaissance (p. 437) – rebirth of art and learning; “ birth ” of the modern world 2.Italy ’ s three advantages that fostered the Renaissance a.thriving 7) cities (p. 437) b.a wealthy 8) merchant (p. 437) class c.classical heritage of 9) Greece and Rome (p. 437)  Renaissance scholars looked down on the art and literature of the Middle Ages

Italy’s Cities p three main cities – 10) Florence, Venice, and Genoa* 2.had access to 11) trade routes* connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets 3.were initially independent city-states governed as 12) republics*

The Medici Family p ) merchants (p. 437) were the wealthiest, most powerful class, and they dominated politics a.believed they deserved power and wealth 2. 14) Florence (p. 437) came under the control of the Medici family 3. 15) Cosmo de ’ Medici (p. 437) was the wealthiest merchant of his time a. rule Florence as a dictator for 30 years 4.although the Medici family did not foster true republican governments, they aided the Renaissance by supporting the arts

Classical and Wordly Values p Classics Lead to 16) Humanism (p. 418) – focused on human potential and achievements a.was supported by wealthy 17) patrons (p. 418) – people who spent huge amounts of money on art and supported the artists 2.Enjoyment of Worldly Pleasures a.humanists suggested that a person might enjoy life without offending God b.the basic spirit of the Renaissance was 18) secular (p. 418) – worldly and concerned with the here and now 3.The Renaissance Man – 19) a man who excelled in many fields (p. 418) a.Renaissance Women were to know the classics and be charming, but not expected to seek fame Censored

Renaissance Revolutionizes Art p Renaissance artists often portrayed religious subjects, but they used a 20) realistic (p. 419) style copied from classical models 2. 21) Donatello (p. 419) – made sculpture more realistic by carving natural postures and expressions that reveal personality 3. 22) Masaccio (p. 419) – painter who rediscovered the technique of perspective (indicates three dimensions) 4. 23) Michelangelo (p. 421) – designed St. Peter ’ s Basilica, painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and sculpted the statue of David (a Renaissance Man) 5. 24) Leonard da Vinci (p. 421) – studied how muscles move, sketched many new inventions (including a primitive helicopter) and painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper 6. 25) Raphael (p. 421) – studied the works of Leonardo and Michelangelo, did many paintings of the Madonna and child

Middle Ages vs. Renaissance

Michelangelo’s David Censored

Michelangelo’s La Pieta

The Sistine Chapel’s Ceiling Censored

Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa

Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper

Renaissance Writers Change Literature p ) vernacular (p. 421) – native language 2.Renaissance writers wrote either for self-expression or to portray the individuality of their subjects 3. 27) Niccolo Machiavelli (p. 421) – wrote The Prince; rulers should use force, deceit, or do whatever it takes to maintain power and crush the opposition a.the ends justifies the means b.supported the absolute power of the ruler

The Northern Renaissance p. 163

The Northern Renaissance Begins p after the bubonic plague and the Hundred Years ’ War, European cities 28) grew rapidly (p. 423) 2.northern Renaissance humanists were more interested in 29) religious ideas (p. 423) than in the secular themes of Italy

Flemish Painters p ) Jan van Eyck (p. 425) – used oil based paints to develop techniques that painters still use a.his paintings were unusually realistic and revealed the personality of their subjects

Northern Writers p ) Desiderius Erasmus (p. 425) – wrote The Praise of Folly; poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests 2. 32) Sir Thomas More (p. 425) – wrote Utopia, an imaginary land inhabited by a peace-loving people; became the model for an ideal place 3. 33) William Shakespeare (p. 425) – wrote in Renaissance England; works include the tragedies of Macbeth, King Lear, Romeo and Juliet, and the comedy A Midsummer Night ’ s Dream

Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas p ) Johann Gutenberg (p. 426) – invented the printing press; the first full-size book printed with movable type was the 35) Gutenberg Bible (p. 426) 2.Impact of the Printing Press a.for the first time books were 36) cheap enough (p. 427) so people could buy them b.new ideas spread 37) faster (p. 427) than ever before c.a rise in 38) literacy (p. 427) d.Bibles were printed in the vernacular so people could interpret the Bible for themselves and they become more critical of 39) priests and their behavior (p. 427)  led to demands for 40) religious reform (p. 427)

Printing Press